妈妈 vs 爸爸：你遗传了谁的基因？：英语精读讲义

This episode is supported by 23andMe.

本期节目由 23andMe 赞助。

It's easy to feel like you're an even mix of your parents, 語法

你很容易觉得，自己身上的特征一半来自妈妈、一半来自爸爸，

but that's not always the case. 短語搭配

但事实并不总是如此。

So, who should you be blaming over those traits you don't like?

那么，那些你不喜欢的特征到底该怪谁呢？

What did you inherit from mom, 短語搭配

哪些是从妈妈那里遗传来的，

and what came from dad?

哪些又来自爸爸？

Colorblind?

色盲？

If you're a male,

如果你是男性，

you can thank your mother. 語氣意圖

那你可得谢谢妈妈了。

Red-green colorblindness is an X-linked disorder 用詞

红绿色盲是一种 X 连锁遗传病，

that affects nearly 6% of the male population worldwide,

影响着全球近 6% 的男性，

but only 0.4% of females.

但女性中只有 0.4% 会受到影响。

This is because males only inherit one X chromosome, 表達脈絡

这是因为男性只会遗传到一条 X 染色体，

which is from their mother,

而它来自母亲，

and that's where red-green colorblindness comes from.

红绿色盲也正是由此而来。

If you're a female,

如果你是女性，

you have to get the X-variant from both parents,

就必须从父母双方那里都遗传到这种 X 染色体变异，

so that 0.4% can blame dad as well.

所以那 0.4% 的女性也可以怪爸爸。

Balding?

秃顶？

A big component comes from the X-chromosome here too,

其中很大一部分也与 X 染色体有关，

so you likely inherited this from your mom.

所以这很可能也是从妈妈那里遗传来的。

However,

不过，

a study involving 52,000 people found 表達脈絡

一项涉及 5.2 万人的研究发现，

that genes on other chromosomes can affect this condition

其他染色体上的基因也会影响这种情况，

on top of environmental factors such as age, 短語搭配

此外，年龄、

stress, and diet.

压力和饮食等环境因素也会产生影响。

So, mom isn't entirely to blame. 語氣意圖

所以，不能把责任全推给妈妈。

Research has also found that the shape of the end of your nose,

研究还发现，鼻尖的形状、

the area above and below the lips,

嘴唇上方和下方的区域、

cheekbones,

颧骨，

and the inner corner of the eye

以及内眼角

are highly influenced by genetics.

都深受遗传因素影响。

And interestingly,

有意思的是，

the more they resemble your father as a child, 語法

你小时候长得越像爸爸，

the healthier you're likely to be.

你的健康状况往往就越好。

Why?

为什么？

Scientists believe that a father-child resemblance

科学家认为，父亲和孩子长得相像

causes fathers to spend more time engaging in positive parenting, 語法

会让父亲花更多时间积极参与育儿，

which ultimately contributes to healthier kids. 短語搭配

最终让孩子更加健康。

Now, even though you get half of your 46 chromosomes from mom 語法

虽然你的 46 条染色体中有一半来自妈妈，

and the other half from dad,

另一半来自爸爸，

a study involving genetically diverse mice found

但一项针对遗传背景各异的小鼠的研究发现，

that for 60% of genes,

在 60% 的基因中，

the paternal copy was more active than the maternal copy. 用詞

来自父亲的基因副本比来自母亲的更活跃。

This phenomenon is known as allelic imbalance. 講解

这种现象叫作等位基因失衡。

The same study also noted that the brains of these particular mice

同一项研究还指出，这些小鼠的大脑

more closely resembled that of their dad than their mom. 語法

更像它们父亲的大脑，而不是母亲的。

However, in humans,

然而在人类身上，

we actually see the opposite.

情况其实正好相反。

Our brains are more similar to our mother,

我们的大脑与母亲的大脑更为相似，

which is particularly true for daughters. 短語搭配

女儿尤其如此。

Interestingly,

有意思的是，

the similar brain regions are actually associated with depressive conditions, 短語搭配

这些相似的脑区其实与抑郁症有关，

suggesting that mood disorders may pass from mother to daughter. 表達脈絡

这表明情绪障碍可能会由母亲传给女儿。

Biologists used to believe that all DNA came from the nucleus, 語法

生物学家过去认为，所有 DNA 都来自细胞核，

but now we know that the mitochondria,

但现在我们知道，线粒体——

aka the powerhouse of the cell, 用詞

也就是所谓的“细胞能量工厂”——

also kicks in some protein-coding genes. 短語動詞

也会贡献一些编码蛋白质的基因。

And this mitochondrial DNA is specifically inherited from your mom

而线粒体 DNA 只会从妈妈那里遗传而来，

because your dad's degraded immediately after fertilization.

因为来自爸爸的线粒体 DNA 会在受精后立即降解。

Considering how important mitochondrial DNA is in the cell, 語法

考虑到线粒体 DNA 在细胞中如此重要，

there's a stronger maternal link.

我们与母亲之间的遗传联系也就更强。

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with type 2 diabetes

线粒体 DNA 的突变与 2 型糖尿病

and Parkinson's disease,

以及帕金森病有关，

which more likely came from your mom.

而这些突变更可能来自妈妈。

Maternal inheritance gave rise to the idea of a mitochondrial Eve, 講解

母系遗传也催生了“线粒体夏娃”这一概念，

a woman who lived between 180,000 to 580,000 years ago

她是一位生活在 18 万至 58 万年前的女性，

from which all human mitochondrial DNA is rooted.

全人类的线粒体 DNA 都可以追溯到她。

At the end of the day, 習語

归根结底，

it may seem like a lot of traits actually come from your mom, 語氣意圖

很多特征似乎确实来自妈妈，

or at least from the X-chromosome, 表達脈絡

或者至少来自 X 染色体，

and that's generally true genetically.

从遗传学角度看，通常确实如此。

The Y-chromosome is very small and doesn't contain as many genes, 語法

Y 染色体很小，包含的基因也没那么多，

and both females and males contain X-chromosomes,

而无论女性还是男性都有 X 染色体，

which carry more genes.

X 染色体携带的基因更多。

But as we continue to research more about ourselves at the genetic level, 短語搭配

但随着我们继续从基因层面深入研究自己，

the division between what you got from your mom and what you got from your dad 語法

哪些来自妈妈、哪些来自爸爸的界线

may become even more pronounced. 用詞

也许会变得更加清晰。

If you want to know more about your own genetics,

如果你想进一步了解自己的遗传信息，

head to 23andMe.com/asap, 短語搭配

请访问 23andMe.com/asap，

who sponsored this episode.

23andMe 正是本期节目的赞助商。

Whether you want to know about your chances of balding, 語法

无论你是想知道自己秃顶的概率，

of getting back hair,

背部长毛的概率，

how your taste senses work,

味觉如何运作，

or who your ancestors are,

还是你的祖先是谁，

23andMe's kits will get you there. 習語

23andMe 的检测套件都能帮你找到答案。

We both took the test,

我们俩都做了这项检测，

and I found out the great news 短語動詞

而我得知了一个“大好消息”，

that I have a higher likelihood of having a little upper back hair, 短語搭配

那就是我的上背部比较容易长出一点毛，

which to this point I thought was not true 短語搭配

在此之前，我一直以为这不是真的，

until Greg recently told me that it is happening.

直到 Greg 最近告诉我，那里真的开始长了。

He's almost 30

他都快 30 岁了，

and it's sprouted. 用詞

背毛也长出来了。

So,

所以，

23andMe was on that. 習語

这点真被 23andMe 说中了。

They knew.

他们早就知道了。

What I thought was really interesting 語法

我觉得真正有意思的是，

is you can learn how certain factors affect your weight.

你还能了解某些因素会怎样影响自己的体重。

Like for me,

比如对我来说，

I'm more likely to be affected by fast food, 語法

快餐更容易影响我的体重，

which is a challenge I've taken on. 短語動詞

而我已经决定迎接这项挑战。

I'm going to try and curb that habit, 講解

我打算努力改掉这个习惯，

but I love fast food,

虽然我很爱吃快餐，

but I'm trying to eat less.

但我正尽量少吃。

Be sure to head to 23andMe.com/asap

一定要访问 23andMe.com/asap，

to get the latest promotion on your kit.

获取检测套件的最新优惠。

And as always,

一如既往，

thank you for watching.

感谢观看。

Make sure you subscribe,

记得订阅，

and we will see you next Thursday for a new video.

我们下周四的新视频再见。

Peace.

拜拜！