微观慢动作下的水母刺击 - 每天聪明一点点 120：英语精读讲义

Hey, it's me Destin and welcome back to Smarter Every Day.

嘿，我是 Destin，欢迎回到 Smarter Every Day。

If you've ever been stung by a jellyfish, 語法

如果你曾被水母蛰过，

you know that it's awful. Let me show you.

你就知道那感觉有多糟。我来给你演示一下。

So, there's two ways that an animal can harm a human chemically, right? 用詞

动物可以用两种化学方式伤害人类，对吧？

The first one is poison.

第一种是“毒物”。

We know what that is.

我们知道那是什么。

Like, if I were to eat this jellyfish and it was poisonous and I were to get sick, 語法

比如，如果我吃了这只水母，它有毒让我生病了，

it's because it is a poisonous animal, right?

那是因为它是种有毒的动物，对吧？

Now, venom is different. 用詞

而“毒液”则不同。

Venom is injected into your body.

毒液是注射进你体内的。

So, it's kind of like these hypodermic needles. 短語搭配

所以，这就有点像这些皮下注射针头。

If you fill them up with venom and then you were to take that and inject that into your arm,

如果你在里面装满毒液，然后拿着它注射进你的手臂，

that would be a venomous way of causing pain to your body, right?

那就是一种通过毒液给你身体带来痛苦的方式，对吧？

So, wouldn't it be crazy if there was like hypodermic needles built into their tentacles and they could just stab you with them as soon as they rubbed up against you 表達脈絡

所以，如果它们的触手里长有这种皮下注射针头，一擦过你就能扎进你的身体，这不是很疯狂吗？

because that's exactly what happens.

因为这正是实际发生的情况。

Jellyfish tentacles have organelles in them called nematocysts. 用詞

水母的触手内有被称为“刺丝囊”的细胞器。

They're like little hypodermic needles.

它们就像微小的皮下注射针头。

And when you're swimming and those hypodermic needles brush up against your body, 短語動詞

当你在游泳时，这些针头擦过你的身体，

they stab into you and inject venom.

它们就会刺入你的体内并注入毒液。

It's insane.

这太疯狂了。

People have never seen these because they're so small,

人们以前从未见过这些，因为它们太小了，

you have to have a microscope

你必须用显微镜，

and they're so fast that you have to use a high-speed camera. 語法

而且它们的速度极快，你必须使用高速相机。

So, now that we've rounded these two things up, 語法

既然我们凑齐了这两样东西，

where do we find our jellyfish?

我们去哪儿找水母呢？

Check it out.

来看看吧。

I'm at James Cook University in Australia in Cairns.

我现在在澳大利亚凯恩斯的詹姆斯·库克大学 (James Cook University)。

And here's the deal. 短語搭配

情况是这样的。

I've got the doctor here that's the world expert in animal venom.

我身边的这位博士是世界动物毒液领域的专家。

It's pretty cool.

非常酷。

Let's go check it out.

我们去看看吧。

His name is Dr. Jamie Seymour.

他的名字是 Jamie Seymour 博士。

So, we have a high-speed camera here

我们这里有一台高速相机，

and we're running HD-SDI video out

正在输出 HD-SDI 视频，

and then Richard is recording it real-time

然后 Richard 正在实时录制，

and then Dr. Seymour here is going to try to trigger a nematocyst, correct?

接着 Seymour 博士要试着触发一个刺丝囊，对吧？

Correct.

没错。

And then once you trigger 語法

然后一旦你触发

it, we're going to try to catch it on high-speed.

它，我们就会试着用高速镜头捕捉下来。

If you look at an anemone,

如果你看这只海葵，

we've just taken this out of an anemone

我们刚刚从一只海葵身上取下这个，

and if you poke it in the side

如果你戳一下它的侧面

So, this isn't a jellyfish.

所以，这不是水母。

It's related to jellyfish.

它是水母的近亲。

Close enough. 語氣意圖

差不多吧。

Okay.

好吧。

I told everybody wrong.

我跟大家说错了。

I said we're going to look at a jellyfish stings you.

我说我们要看水母是怎么蛰你的。

It's the same thing.

这其实是一样的。

It's the same process.

过程完全一样。

Oh, is it?

哦，是吗？

That's like saying, okay, 表達脈絡

这就好比说，好吧，

we're going to work out how a bullet works today. 短語動詞

我们今天来研究一下子弹是如何工作的。

Here's an AK-47

这里有一把 AK-47，

and then if I walk in with a Glock,

然后如果我拿进一把格洛克手枪，

it's the same process.

它的过程是一样的。

You are speaking my language, 習語

你很懂我的点嘛，

Australian man.

澳洲老哥。

There you go.

就是这样。

There you go.

就是这样。

So, we're still not exactly sure what causes the nematocyst to fire. 講解

所以，我们目前仍不完全清楚是什么导致了刺丝囊的发射。

But what we do know is if we touch two leads from a 9-V battery to the tentacle itself, 語法

但我们知道的是，如果我们将9伏电池的两极接触到触手上，

we can get some of them to randomly fire, 語法

我们就能让其中一些随机发射，

which allows us to record it with a Phantom high-speed camera.

这使得我们可以用 Phantom 高速相机记录下来。

Trigger.

触发。

There it goes.

发射了。

Trigger.

触发。

Trigger.

触发。

How long have you been trying to capture that? 語法

您尝试捕捉这个画面有多久了？

Well, we've been doing it for a number of years,

嗯，我们已经做了好几年，

but we've never had the camera technology to actually do it at this level before.

但以前从没有能在这个水平上实现它的相机技术。

The nematocyst, which is a cell organelle,

刺丝囊，这是一种细胞器，

so it's inside a cell,

也就是在细胞里面，

which is a ball with a wound up hypodermic needle in it. 用詞

像是一个装有盘绕着的皮下注射针头的球。

And we saw it basically discharge. 用詞

我们基本上看到了它的发射。

So, And the needle was not rigid necessarily.

所以，而且那根针并不一定是硬的。

That's correct.

没错。

Think of it like a garden hose with no pressure. 表達脈絡

把它想象成一根没有水压的花园水管。

And then when you apply pressure to it, 短語搭配

然后当你给它施加压力时，

the whole thing straightens out. 短語動詞

整个管子就变直了。

Got it.

明白了。

So, what we saw there,

所以，我们在那里看到的是，

it's the whole thing fired off.

整个东西都发射出来了。

You got some sort of idea for how quick that was.

你大概能感觉到那有多快。

Right.

对。

But the thing that blew me away was the time lag from when the thing discharged to when we saw the venom. 講解

但让我感到震惊的是，从它发射到我们看到毒液的时间差。

Yeah, it was like a third of a second.

是的，大概是三分之一秒。

Yeah, we've never seen that before.

是的，我们以前从未见过。

I mean, we've seen venom come out the end of these things.

我是说，我们见过毒液从这些东西末端出来。

Right.

对。

We've never seen that delay,

我们从未见过那种延迟，

but we've never looked for it.

因为我们以前没去关注过。

You're digging this, aren't you? 講解

你很喜欢这个，是不是？

Oh, this is cool.

哦，这太酷了。

This is like real science.

这就像真正的科学。

This is the sort of stuff I get up in the morning for. 習語

这就是我每天早起工作的动力。

Are you implying that I don't do real science? 語氣意圖

你的意思是我做的不是真正的科学？

Well, but no.

呃，倒也不是。

You do the same thing.

你做的事情也是一样的。

There are times you get up in the morning,

有时候你早晨醒来，

I'm sure,

我敢肯定，

and you just go,

你会说，

I so want to go to work today because I'm going to find out something new. 講解

我今天太想去上班了，因为我将会发现一些新东西。

Right.

对。

Isn't that why you do it? 語氣意圖

你做这个不就是因为这个原因吗？

Right.

对。

It is.

确实是。

I mean, seriously,

我是说，说真的，

I I would do this stuff for free. 語法

我愿意免费做这些。

Yeah.

是的。

It's the joy of actually coming in and going,

这是一种走进来然后由衷感慨的快乐：

I just saw something that nobody else in the world has ever seen before. 語法

我刚刚看到了一件世界上其他任何人都没见过的事情。

Kind of selfish. 語氣意圖

有点自私。

But then you can teach people about it.

但然后你就可以把它教给别人。

That's right.

没错。

Yeah.

是的。

And that's I mean,

我的意思是，

ah,

啊，

Look,

你看，

I've got goosebumps all over me just from that sort of thing. 短語搭配

我一想到这种事就会起一身鸡皮疙瘩。

It's just it's great.

这真是太棒了。

It's exactly why I do this sort of stuff.

这正是为什么我做这行的原因。

All right.

好的。

Well, thank you very much.

那非常感谢您。

That's Dr. Seymour,

这位是 Seymour 博士，

venomologist.

毒液学家。

Toxinologist.

毒素学家。

Toxinologist.

毒素学家。

I'm never going to get it right.

我总是说不对。

So, from now on when you think about jellyfish,

所以，从现在起当你想到水母时，

I hope you don't think about just slimy tentacles dragging poison on your skin. 表達脈絡

别再只想到黏糊糊的触手把毒液蹭在你的皮肤上。

It's actually an organelle called a nematocyst containing venom that takes it and actually shoves it into your body and then injects the venom.

实际上，它是一个包含毒液的叫做刺丝囊的细胞器，把它强行刺入你的体内，然后注入毒液。

I'm just kidding.

我开玩笑的。

I didn't actually squirt that in me.

我并没有真的把那个喷进我身体里。

But, that's pretty intense.

不过，那确实很猛。

I hope I didn't ruin the beach for you. 語氣意圖

希望我没有毁了你们去海滩的兴致。

The people at James Cook University asked me if I would inform you that they are looking for undergrad and grad students. 講解

詹姆斯·库克大学的人问我能否通知你们，他们正在招收本科生和研究生。

They need people to help them figure out how to solve the box jellyfish venom mystery. 短語動詞

他们需要人帮忙解开箱型水母的毒液之谜。

It's a cardiotoxin. 用詞

那是一种心脏毒素。

It kills the heart,

它会致心脏于死地，

but they don't really know how or why.

但他们并不真正知道是为什么或者怎么做到的。

So, if you're interested in studying,

所以，如果你对研究感兴趣，

go to James Cook University.

去詹姆斯·库克大学吧。

I think their motto is like the Explorers of the Tropics,

我觉得他们的座右铭好像是“热带探险家”，

which is pretty cool.

听起来非常酷。

Anyway,

总之，

I'm Destin.

我是 Destin。

Go check them out.

去看看他们吧。

Have a good one. 語氣意圖

祝你愉快。

The big box jellyfish things have got 800,000 of those things per square centimeter. 用詞

巨大的箱型水母每平方厘米有80万个那种东西。

Really?

真的吗？

That's how small they are. 語法

它们就是这么小。

Not only do you get to learn about the animals, 語法

你不仅能学到关于动物的知识，

but we physically put you in the lab and give you venom and go,

我们还会亲手把你放进实验室，给你毒液然后说，

"Here, here's some rattlesnake venom or some box jellyfish venom or some other venom.

"呐，这是一些响尾蛇毒液或箱型水母毒液或者其它毒液。

And you get to use it on heart cells or blood and things of that nature and actually physically see the venom doing its thing there and then." 講解

然后你可以把它用在心肌细胞或血液等东西上，亲眼看到毒液在那里发挥作用。"

Really?

真的吗？

Not many other courses allow you to do that for a whole variety of reasons.

出于各种原因，没几个其他的课程会让你这么做。

So, is this unique to James Cook University?

所以，这是詹姆斯·库克大学独有的吗？

Absolutely.

绝对是的。

Yeah.

是的。

Did you and you started it?

是你，是你发起的吗？

Yeah.

是的。

That's pretty cool.

这挺酷的。

It is.

确实。

Little proud of that, 語氣意圖

有点小骄傲，

huh?

是吧？

Just a lot.

相当骄傲。