没有这款德国产品，现代文明将会崩溃：英语精读讲义

Hardly anything runs in our society today without microchips. 語法

在当今社会，如果没有微芯片，几乎任何事物都无法运转。

They are the heart of cell phones, computers, cars.

它们是手机、电脑和汽车的心脏。

A chip is made up of transistors, tiny switches, 短語動詞

芯片由晶体管组成，也就是微型开关，

10,000 times smaller than a human hair 語法

比人类的头发还要小一万倍，

that control the flow of electrons through a circuit.

控制着电子在电路中的流动。

Billions of transistors are packed into an area smaller than a fingernail. 短語搭配

数以十亿计的晶体管被挤在比指甲盖还小的面积里。

Microchips are one of humankind's most remarkable achievements.

微芯片是人类最杰出的成就之一。

And it wouldn't be possible to make the world's most sophisticated chips 語法

想要制造世界上最先进的芯片是不可能的，

without the German company Zeiss.

如果没有德国蔡司（Zeiss）公司的话。

In a previous video,

在之前的一期视频中，

I talked about how the Dutch firm ASML

我谈到了荷兰公司阿斯麦（ASML）

is the only company in the world

是世界上唯一一家

that builds the machines that create the circuitry

能够制造这种机器的公司，用来创建

for the most advanced chips.

最先进芯片的电路。

These machines wouldn't be able to operate

这些机器将无法运行，

without Zeiss mirrors inside of them.

如果里面没有蔡司的反射镜。

These are not your average mirrors. 習語

这些可不是普通的镜子。

They are a complex optical system

它们是一个复杂的光学系统，

that miniaturizes the structure of a chip

能够将芯片的结构微缩，

printed on a silicon wafer.

打印在硅晶圆上。

Light is projected through a blueprint

光线透过要打印的

of the pattern that will be printed.

图案蓝图投射出来。

Zeiss optics focus the pattern onto the wafer,

蔡司的光学元件将图案聚焦到晶圆上，

which has already been coated with a light-sensitive chemical. 語法

而晶圆表面已经涂有光敏化学物质。

It shrinks the pattern down 短語動詞

它将图案缩小

to the nanometer level.

到纳米级别。

A nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.

1纳米是一米的十亿分之一。

In the end, 表達脈絡

最终，

the wafer is cut into small pieces of microchips.

晶圆被切割成一小片一小片的微芯片。

While ASML's less advanced chip-making machines 表達脈絡

虽然ASML较旧型号的芯片制造机

use lenses to focus light,

使用透镜来聚焦光线，

lenses won't work for its most advanced lithography machines 用詞

但透镜对其最先进的光刻机是不起作用的，

because these machines use extreme ultraviolet light,

因为这些机器使用的是极紫外光，

which lenses would absorb.

而透镜会吸收这种光。

EUV is a shorter wavelength of light 語法

极紫外光的光波长

than that used by conventional chip-making machines.

比传统芯片制造机器使用的更短。

EUV light can help pack more transistors onto a chip,

极紫外光可以帮助在芯片上集成更多晶体管，

making the chip more powerful. 語法

从而让芯片性能更强大。

Since Zeiss cannot use lenses for the most advanced machines,

既然蔡司不能在最先进的机器上使用透镜，

it uses mirrors,

它就使用了反射镜，

a series of ultra-reflective curved mirrors

一系列超高反射率的曲面镜

guide the light in a vacuum chamber.

在真空室中引导光线。

The mirrors need to be extremely flat

这些反射镜必须极其平整，

because even the smallest irregularity

因为即使是最微小的凹凸不平

leads to imaging errors. 短語搭配

也会导致成像误差。

We're not talking about your typical level of smoothness. 表達脈絡

我们说的可不是一般的平滑度。

They are hyper smooth.

它们是超级平滑的。

If you were to enlarge the mirror to the size of Germany, 語法

如果你把这面镜子放大到德国那么大，

then the tallest mountain would be less than 1 mm high.

那么上面最高的山峰也不到1毫米高。

Zeiss makes the flattest mirrors on Earth.

蔡司制造出了地球上最平整的镜子。

They are held in a position as precisely as possible 語法

在曝光过程中，

during the exposure process.

它们被固定在尽可能精确的位置。

They are so stable that if a Zeiss mirror 語法

它们极其稳定，哪怕让一面蔡司反射镜

were to redirect a laser beam

去改变一束激光的方向

and aim it at the Moon,

并瞄准月球，

it would be able to hit a ping-pong ball

它也能精准击中

on its surface.

月球表面的一个乒乓球。

ASML knows how crucial Zeiss is 語法

ASML深知蔡司

to its entire operation.

对其整个运营有多么关键。

It's no wonder that in 2016, 短語搭配

难怪在2016年，

ASML bought a billion-euro stake 用詞

ASML斥资10亿欧元

in a subsidiary of Zeiss,

入股了蔡司的一家子公司，

purchasing 25% of the shares

购入了25%的股份，

of Carl Zeiss SMT.

这家公司就是卡尔蔡司SMT。

Zeiss and ASML

蔡司和ASML

pretty much have no rivals. 語氣意圖

几乎没有竞争对手。

Every one of the most advanced chips on Earth

地球上每一颗最先进的芯片

has passed through their system. 短語動詞

都曾经过他们的系统。

They supply Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, 文化背景

他们为台湾积体电路制造公司（TSMC）供货，

which produces over 90%

该公司生产了全球90%以上

of the world's most advanced chips.

的最先进芯片。

TSMC makes 5-nm chips

台积电制造5纳米芯片，

and is striving to make even smaller 3-nm ones. 短語搭配

并正致力于制造更小的3纳米芯片。

The strategic partnership between Zeiss and ASML

蔡司和ASML之间的战略合作

means the barrier to entry 用詞

意味着潜在竞争对手的

for potential competitors is exceedingly high.

准入门槛极高。

Other manufacturers could try

其他制造商可以尝试

to build their own EUV lithography machines.

制造自己的极紫外光刻机。

However,

然而，

if China does want to build a machine 語法

如果中国确实想制造一台

that could rival Zeiss and ASML's,

能与蔡司和ASML相抗衡的机器，

analysts believe it would take at least 10 years 語法

分析人士认为至少需要10年时间

for them to do so.

才能做到。

Trouble is, 表達脈絡

问题是，

China cannot access the most advanced equipment

中国现在无法获得

from Zeiss and ASML right now

蔡司和ASML最先进的设备，

because the Trump administration pressed ASML hard 短語搭配

因为特朗普政府曾向ASML施加巨大压力，

to block sales of its most advanced

阻止其将最先进的

EUV lithography machines to China.

极紫外光刻机出售给中国。

And the Biden administration has broadened chip restrictions 短語搭配

而拜登政府也扩大了

against Beijing, 文化背景

针对北京的芯片限制，

which I discussed in a previous video

我在之前的视频中讨论过这一点，

that I'll link in my description.

链接我会放在描述栏中。

Since Zeiss was founded by German entrepreneur Carl Zeiss 語法

自从德国企业家卡尔·蔡司

in the mid-1800s,

在19世纪中叶创立蔡司以来，

it has grown to secure the advantage

它已发展成为在世界舞台上

in optics on the world stage. 習語

占据光学优势的巨头。

Yet,

然而，

it's not sitting comfortably. 習語

它并没有高枕无忧。

Zeiss is already working on next-generation optics

蔡司已经在致力于下一代光学技术，

by increasing the numerical aperture. 用詞

通过增大数值孔径来实现。

The numerical aperture is a measure 短語搭配

数值孔径是一个衡量标准，

of how much light the optical system can collect and focus.

用于测量光学系统能收集和聚焦多少光。

The increase in the numerical aperture

数值孔径的增大

will significantly improve the resolution.

将大幅提升分辨率。

Improving the resolution will increase the number of transistors

分辨率的提升将增加

that can be packed onto the chip,

芯片上可集成的晶体管数量，

making it even more powerful.

从而使其更加强大。

And as our future moves toward autonomous driving,

随着我们的未来走向自动驾驶、

artificial intelligence,

人工智能、

and 5G and beyond,

以及5G甚至更高级的技术，

you can bet there will be a demand 習語

你可以确定市场将会需求

for ever more powerful processors 語法

性能越来越强大的处理器，

and the machines that make them.

以及制造它们的机器。

Building the world's most powerful lenses and mirrors

建造世界上最强大的透镜和反射镜，

would not be possible without talented engineers.

如果没有才华横溢的工程师是不可能实现的。

If you'd like to improve your math,

如果你想提高你的数学、

science,

科学，

and computer science skills

以及计算机科学技能，

to help build the future,

以帮助建设未来，

or simply for your own personal pleasure,

或者仅仅是为了个人的乐趣，

Brilliant is a great way to brush up 短語動詞

Brilliant是复习巩固

on your STEM skills.

你STEM技能的绝佳方式。

I know my viewers especially love

我知道我的观众特别喜欢

their scientific thinking course,

他们的科学思维课程，

where you can explore the center of mass interactively,

在那里你可以交互式地探索质心，

or make a bridge as rigid as possible 語法

或是用尽可能少的梁

with as few beams as possible.

去建造一座尽可能坚固的桥。

Another course that my viewers enjoy

我的观众喜欢的另一门课程

is Computer Science Fundamentals,

是计算机科学基础，

where you can build algorithms

你可以在这里构建算法

and navigate drones to their proper destination.

并引导无人机飞往正确的目的地。

I personally love their logic courses.

我个人很喜欢他们的逻辑课程。

In this exercise I'm working on,

在我正在做的这个练习中，

you have to put things in the correct order.

你必须把事物按正确的顺序排列。

If you ever get stuck, 習語

如果你卡壳了，

you can view the explanation for more.

你可以查看解释以了解更多。

Brilliant is great whether you're a student 語法

无论你是学生

or you're a professional already in the workplace.

还是已经步入职场的专业人士，Brilliant都很棒。

And it's free for you to try out 短語動詞

并且你可以免费试用，

with my custom link in the description.

只需使用我描述栏里的专属链接。

brilliant.org/newsthink.

brilliant.org/newsthink。

That's brilliant.org/newsthink.

就是brilliant.org/newsthink。

The first 200 people to sign up 短語動詞

前200名通过

with my custom link

我的专属链接注册的人，

will get 20% off Brilliant's annual premium subscription, 用詞

将获得Brilliant年度高级订阅服务20%的折扣，

which gives you access to all of their course offerings, 短語搭配

这能让你访问他们提供的所有课程，

including their most advanced courses.

包括他们最前沿的课程。

Thanks for watching.

感谢观看。

For NewsThink,

这里是NewsThink，

I'm Cindy Pom.

我是Cindy Pom。