如何学得更快：英语精读讲义

This episode is supported by brilliant.org.

本期节目由 brilliant.org 赞助。

Whether you're headed back to school 語法

无论你正准备返校，

or just wanting to pick up a new skill 短語動詞

还是只想掌握一项新技能，

like a language or an instrument,

比如一门语言或一种乐器，

learning new things is amazing.

学习新事物都很棒。

But is there a better way to learn something quickly

但有没有更好的方法，能让你快速学会新东西，

and retain that knowledge?

并把这些知识牢牢记住呢？

First step is skip the laptop. 語法

第一步：先别用笔记本电脑。

Though you might be quicker at typing,

虽然打字可能更快，

writing with pen and paper

但用纸笔手写

is the way to go when taking notes. 習語

才是记笔记时的最佳选择。

Not only are there oodles of distractions online, 講解

网上不仅到处都是让人分心的东西，

but researchers have found that those who type

研究人员还发现，用打字方式记录的人

process the information at a shallower level 用詞

对信息的处理只停留在较浅的层次，

as opposed to simply transcribing verbatim. 講解

往往只是逐字照抄。

Reframing the information into your own words 短語搭配

用自己的话重新组织信息，

while writing out physically

再亲手把它写下来，

leads to better performance on tests. 短語搭配

能让你在考试中表现得更好。

And to retain those notes,

而要记住这些笔记的内容，

study, sleep, study.

就按“学习、睡觉、再学习”的顺序来。

In a French experiment,

在法国的一项实验中，

two groups were taught the Swahili translation 語法

研究人员分两次让两组人学习

for 16 French words over two sessions.

16个法语单词的斯瓦希里语译法。

Group one studied in the morning,

第一组早上学习，

then took a break, 短語搭配

然后休息一段时间，

and studied again in the evening.

晚上再学一次。

But group two studied in the evening,

而第二组晚上学习，

slept for the night,

睡了一夜，

and then resumed studying in the morning. 語法

第二天早上接着学。

Though there was the same amount of time

两次学习之间的间隔时间

between the two study sessions,

虽然完全一样，

the sleep group could recall 10 of the 16 words,

但睡过觉的那组能回忆起16个词中的10个，

while the no sleep group 語法

而没有睡觉的那组

could only get seven and a half. 用詞

只能想起7个半。

Learning a new motor skill?

在学习一项新的动作技能吗？

Try modifying your practice slightly.

试着稍微调整一下练习方式。

A study of 86 healthy volunteers

一项研究招募了86名健康志愿者，

were asked to learn a computer-based motor skill 用詞

要求他们学习一项基于计算机的动作技能，

over two training sessions.

并分两次进行训练。

One group's second training session

其中一组在第二次训练时，

had them learn the task in a slightly altered way, 語法

用稍作改变的方式完成这项任务，

while the other repeated the task

另一组则重复了这项任务，

with the exact same practice. 用詞

练习方式与之前完全相同。

Those who used two different strategies

采用两种不同策略的人，

nearly doubled the speed of accuracy of the task 語法

准确完成任务的速度

compared to the control group. 短語搭配

几乎是对照组的两倍。

What does this look like in the real world? 講解

这在现实中该怎么做呢？

Say you're perfecting your tennis game, 表達脈絡

假如你正在精进网球技术，

try switching between rackets

可以试着换用不同的球拍，

with slightly different weights between sessions.

每次训练所用球拍的重量略有差异。

However, researchers suggest

不过，研究人员建议，

you don't make the modification too big.

调整幅度不要太大。

For example,

例如，

switching between tennis and badminton

在网球和羽毛球之间来回切换，

shows no increased success in tennis.

并不会提升你的网球水平。

Can't focus? 表達脈絡

无法集中注意力？

Get some exercise.

那就运动一下。

A study found that those who worked out 短語動詞

一项研究发现，那些先在健身车上

for 15 minutes on a stationary bike 用詞

骑行15分钟，

and then completed a memory task

然后完成记忆任务的人，

completed the task significantly faster 語法

完成任务的速度明显快于

than the group that didn't exercise.

没有运动的那一组。

Even a quick walk around the block 短語搭配

哪怕只是绕着街区快走一圈，

can clear up your mind. 短語搭配

也能让头脑清醒起来。

Trying to memorize the electromagnetic spectrum 語氣意圖

想要记住电磁波谱，

in order of increasing frequency? 短語搭配

而且要按频率递增的顺序？

Well, who isn't? 語氣意圖

谁不想呢？

Try a mnemonic device 用詞

试试助记法吧，

such as an acronym sentence like

比如编一句首字母助记句：

Raging Martians invaded Venus

“狂暴的火星人入侵了金星，

using X-Ray Guns.

还动用了X射线枪。”

This method has been proven in several studies

多项研究都已证明，这种方法

as a way of committing information to memory. 短語搭配

有助于把信息牢牢记住。

Why?

为什么呢？

Theories suggest that adults can only hold

有理论认为，成年人在短期记忆中

a limited number of items in our short-term memory. 用詞

只能同时保留数量有限的项目。

By grouping items into a mnemonic, 語法

把多个项目编进一个助记句中，

it allows your brain to hold onto 短語動詞

能让大脑记住

larger amounts of information,

更多的信息，

which can eventually aid 短語搭配

最终还有助于

into the creation of long-term memories.

形成长期记忆。

And the weirder the sentence is, the better, 語法

而且句子越古怪越好，

as unique sentences have a higher chance 習語

因为独特的句子更有可能被记住，

of sticking than boring ones.

比无聊的句子效果更好。

And say it out loud. 短語搭配

还要把它大声说出来。

Test individuals were given a list of words

研究人员给受试者一份单词表，

where half were read silently

其中一半让他们默读，

and the other half were read out loud.

另一半则大声读出来。

When given a new list of words 語法

随后又给了他们一份新的单词表，

and asked to identify which ones

并让他们辨认出哪些词

they had already read previously, 用詞

是自己之前读过的。

they were able to recall the words read out loud

他们能更频繁地认出大声读过的词，

with significantly more frequency

而且成功率显著高于

than those read silently.

那些默读过的词。

Here's a no-brainer. 習語

这点不用想也知道：

Make sure you're hydrated. 短語搭配

一定要补充足够的水分。

In a study where participants fasted

在一项研究中，参与者从前一晚起禁食，

and abstained from fluids since the previous evening, 用詞

同时也不能摄入任何液体，

they were asked to perform on a reaction test.

随后被要求进行反应测试。

One group was given 500 ml of water

其中一组获得了500毫升水，

right before the test,

并在测试开始前立即喝下，

while the other group wasn't. 語法

另一组则没有喝水。

The group that was able to hydrate before the test

测试前能够补充水分的那一组

obviously performed significantly better.

果然表现明显更好。

This is because water helps improve 表達脈絡

这是因为水有助于改善

overall mental processing and learning.

整体的认知处理与学习能力。

And after all that hard 短語搭配

这么辛苦地学习

work, give yourself a reward. 短語搭配

之后，给自己一点奖励吧。

One study found that reward-motivated learning,

一项研究发现，由奖励驱动的学习

in this particular study it was monetary compensation, 用詞

——在这项研究中，奖励是金钱报酬——

led to increased memory formation,

能促进记忆形成，

and this effect even increased

而且奖励的价值越高，

when the reward was of higher value.

这种效果就越明显。

This finding highlights how reward motivation 表達脈絡

这一发现表明，奖励带来的动机

promotes memory formation

能促进记忆形成，

via the release of feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine 短語搭配

这是通过释放让人愉悦的神经递质多巴胺实现的，

in the hippocampus. prior to learning. 短語搭配

而这种物质会在学习前于海马体内释放。

If you're really keen to learn faster, 用詞

如果你真的很想学得更快，

check out brilliant.org,

不妨看看 brilliant.org。

who sponsored this episode

它赞助了本期节目，

and is one of the best places to do just that.

也是实现这一目标的最佳平台之一。

Like us, they believe that if you're excited,

他们和我们一样相信：只要你充满热情，

you'll learn quickly,

就能学得很快；

that active learning is best,

主动学习效果最好；

and that questions that spark curiosity 短語搭配

而能够激发好奇心的问题

are so important.

也至关重要。

Whenever we want to build up 短語動詞

每当我们想要增强

our logical thinking powers

自己的逻辑思维能力，

or break down the physics 短語動詞

或者想剖析

of everyday experiences around us,

身边日常体验背后的物理原理时，

we check out brilliant.

都会去 brilliant 看看。

It's a great way to challenge your mind on the go, 習語

这是让你随时随地挑战思维的好方法，

and you can master foundational concepts

你还可以掌握基础概念，

through guided in-depth problem-solving quizzes.

方法是完成循序引导的深度解题测验。

Check them out at brilliant.org/asapscience

现在就访问 brilliant.org/asapscience，

to sign up for free now.

免费注册。

And let us know how it's helped you learn faster.

也欢迎告诉我们，它如何帮助你学得更快。

And subscribe for more weekly videos every Thursday.

别忘了订阅，每周四收看更多新视频。