哲学 - 海德格尔：英语精读讲义

Martin Heidegger is without doubt the most incomprehensible German philosopher that ever 短語搭配

毫无疑问，马丁·海德格尔是有史以来最令人费解的德国哲学家，

lived. Nothing quite rivals the prose in his masterpiece Being and Time, 語法

其巨著《存在与时间》中的散文体绝对是无与伦比的，

which is filled with complex compound German words

里面充满了复杂的德语复合词，

like Seinsvergessenheit, Bodenständigkeit, and Wesensverfassung.

比如 Seinsvergessenheit、Bodenständigkeit 和 Wesensverfassung。

Yet beneath the jargon, Heidegger tells us some simple, 表達脈絡

然而，在这些专业术语的表象之下，海德格尔向我们道出了一些简单、

even at times, homespun truths about the meaning of our lives,

甚至是朴实无华的真理，关于我们生命的意义、

the sicknesses of our time, and the routes to freedom.

我们这个时代的病症，以及通向自由的路径。

We should bother with him. 短語搭配

我们有必要去了解他。

He was born and in many ways remained a rural provincial German who loved picking mushrooms,

他出生于德国的乡镇，并在很多方面终生保持着乡下人的特质：他喜欢采蘑菇、

walking in the countryside, and going to bed early.

在乡间散步以及早睡。

He hated television, airplanes, pop music, and processed food.

他讨厌电视、飞机、流行音乐和加工食品。

At one time, he'd been a supporter of Hitler,

他曾一度是希特勒的支持者，

but saw the error of his ways. 習語

但后来认识到了自己的错误。

Much of his life he spent in a hut in the woods away from modern civilization.

他一生的大部分时间都是在树林里的一个小木屋中度过的，远离现代文明。

He diagnosed modern humanity as suffering from a number of diseases of the soul. 講解

他诊断出现代人患有许多种灵魂疾病。

Firstly, we have forgotten to notice we're alive.

首先，我们忘记了去感知自己还活着。

We know it in theory, of course, 短語搭配

当然，我们在理论上是知道的，

but we aren't day-to-day properly in touch with the sheer mystery of existence, 短語搭配

但在日常生活中，我们并没有真正去体会存在的纯粹奥秘，

the mystery of what Heidegger called das Sein or in English, being.

也就是海德格尔所说的 das Sein（存在）的奥秘。

It's only at a few odd moments, perhaps late at night, or when we're ill and have been alone all day,

只有在少数偶然的时刻，也许是深夜，或者是生病独自待了一整天的时候，

or are on a walk through the countryside, that we come up against the uncanny strangeness of everything. 短語動詞

或者是在乡间散步的时候，我们才会突然感受到万物那种难以名状的陌生感。

Why things exist as they do, why we're here rather than there, 表達脈絡

为什么事物会以现在的状态存在，为什么我们在这里而不是那里，

why the world is like it is.

为什么世界是这般模样。

What we're running away from is a confrontation with the opposite of being, 語法

我们在逃避的，其实是面对“存在”的反面，

what Heidegger called das Nichts, the nothing. 文化背景

也就是海德格尔所说的 das Nichts，即“虚无”。

The second problem is we've forgotten that all being is connected.

第二个问题是，我们忘记了所有的“存在”都是相互关联的。

Most of the time, our jobs and daily routines make us egoistic and focused. 語法

在大多数时间里，我们的工作和日常事务让我们变得自私而又专注。

We treat others and nature as means and not as ends. 用詞

我们把他人和自然当作手段，而不是目的。

But occasionally, and again, walks in the country are particularly conducive to this realization, 短語搭配

但偶尔——同样，在乡间散步尤其有助于这种感悟——

we may step outside our narrow orbit and take a more expansive view. 講解

我们可能会走出狭隘的生活轨道，以更广阔的视角看世界。

We may sense what Heidegger termed the unity of being,

我们可能会感受到海德格尔所说的“存在的统一性”，

noticing, for example, that we, and that ladybug on the bark,

比如注意到，我们、树皮上的那只瓢虫、

and that rock, and that cloud over there,

那块岩石，还有那边的那朵云，

are all in existence right now and are fundamentally united by the basic fact of our common being.

此刻都存在着，并且因为我们共同存在的这一基本事实而从根本上连结在一起。

Heidegger values these moments immensely and wants us to use them as the springboard to a deeper form of generosity, 習語

海德格尔极其重视这些时刻，并希望我们把它们作为跳板，去达到一种更深层次的慷慨，

an overcoming of alienation and egoism,

去克服疏离感与利己主义，

and a more profound appreciation of the brief time that remains to us

并且更深刻地珍惜我们所剩不多的短暂光阴，

before das Nichts claims us in turn.

在 das Nichts（虚无）轮到吞噬我们之前。

The third problem is we forget to be free and to live for ourselves.

第三个问题是，我们忘记了自由，忘记了为自己而活。

Much about us isn't, of course, very free.

当然，关于我们的很多事情并不那么自由。

We are in Heidegger's unusual formulation, thrown into the world at the start of our lives, 文化背景

用海德格尔不同寻常的表述来说，我们在生命伊始就被“抛入”了这个世界，

thrown into a particular and narrow social milieu,

被抛入一个特定而狭隘的社会环境，

surrounded by rigid attitudes, archaic prejudices, and practical necessities not of our own making. 短語搭配

被并非我们造成的死板态度、陈旧偏见和现实需求所包围。

The philosopher wants to help us to overcome this thrownness, Geworfenheit,

这位哲学家想帮助我们克服这种“被抛状态”（Geworfenheit），

as he put it in German, by understanding it. 短語搭配

正如他用德语所表达的那样，去理解它以克服它。

We need to grasp our psychological, social, and professional provincialism

我们需要认清自己在心理上、社会上和职业上的狭隘性，

and then rise above it to a more universal perspective. 短語動詞

然后超越它，升华到一种更普世的视角。

In so doing, we'll make the classic Heideggerian journey away from Uneigentlichkeit to Eigentlichkeit, 表達脈絡

通过这样做，我们将完成经典的海德格尔式旅程，从 Uneigentlichkeit（非本真状态）走向 Eigentlichkeit（本真状态），

from inauthenticity to authenticity.

从不真实走向真实。

We will, in essence, start to live for ourselves. 短語搭配

从本质上讲，我们将开始为自己而活。

And yet, most of the time, for Heidegger, we fail dismally at this task. 短語搭配

然而，对海德格尔来说，大多数时候，我们在这项任务上都败得很惨。

We merely surrender to a socialized, superficial mode of being he called they-self as opposed to our-selves 短語搭配

我们只是屈服于一种社会化的、肤浅的生存模式，他称之为“常人自我”（they-self），以此与“真正的自我”（our-selves）相对立，

We follow the chatter, das Gerede, in German,

我们随波逐流地听信那些闲言碎语——在德语中叫 das Gerede，

which we hear about in the newspapers, on TV,

我们在报纸上、在电视上听到它，

and in the large cities that Heidegger hated to spend time in.

在海德格尔讨厌待的大城市里也会听到它。

What will help us to pull away from the they-self is an appropriately intense focus on our own upcoming death. 短語動詞

能帮助我们摆脱“常人自我”的方法，就是适度地强烈关注我们自己终将到来的死亡。

It's only when we realize that other people cannot save us from das Nichts that we're likely to stop living for them, 講解

只有当我们意识到别人无法将我们从 das Nichts（虚无）中拯救出来时，我们才有可能停止为他们而活，

to stop worrying so much about what others think,

停止过度在意别人的想法，

and to cease giving up the lion's share of our lives and energies 習語

停止把我们绝大部分的生命和精力，

to impress people who never really liked us in the first place. 短語搭配

浪费在讨好那些一开始就根本不喜欢我们的人身上。

When, in a lecture in 1961, Heidegger was asked how we should better lead our lives, 短語搭配

在 1961 年的一次演讲中，当被问及我们应该如何更好地度过这一生时，

he replied tersely that we should simply aim to spend more time in graveyards.

海德格尔简短地回答说，我们应该试着在墓地里多待些时间。

It would be lying to say that Heidegger's meaning and moral is ever very clear. 語法

如果要说海德格尔的意思和寓意有多么清晰，那显然是在撒谎。

Nevertheless, what he tells us is intermittently fascinating, wise, and surprisingly useful.

尽管如此，他告诉我们的东西时常令人着迷，充满智慧，且出奇地有用。

Despite the extraordinary words and language, in a sense we know a lot of it already. 講解

抛开那些离奇的用词和语言不谈，在某种意义上我们其实已经懂了很多。

We merely need reminding and emboldening to take it seriously, 短語搭配

我们只是需要被提醒，需要被鼓励去认真对待它，

which the odd prose style helps us to do.

而那种古怪的行文风格恰恰能帮助我们做到这一点。

We know in our hearts that it's time to overcome our Geworfenheit,

我们在内心深处明白，是时候克服我们的 Geworfenheit（被抛状态）了，

that we should become more conscious of das Nichts day-to-day,

在日常生活中我们应该更加意识到 das Nichts（虚无）的存在，

and that we owe it to ourselves to escape the clutches of das Gerede for the sake of Eigentlichkeit, 講解

为了 Eigentlichkeit（本真），我们应该摆脱 das Gerede（闲言碎语）的掌控，这也是我们欠自己的，

with a little help from that graveyard.

同时借助于从墓地得来的一点感悟。