人类历史上最惨无人道的监狱实验：英语精读讲义

The United States has the largest prison population per capita in the world behind the Seychelles, 短語搭配

美国的人均监狱人口位居世界第二，仅次于塞舌尔，

but in terms of inmates, 短語搭配

但就囚犯总数而言，

the tiny island nation has nothing on the US. 習語

这个小岛国根本无法与美国相提并论。

According to Prison Policy,

根据监狱政策倡议组织的数据，

in total,

总的来说，

if you include all the various forms of detention such as prisons,

如果把所有形式的拘留场所，如监狱、

jails, juvenile correctional facilities, and more,

看守所、少管所等都包括在内，

there are currently about 2.3 million Americans behind bars. 習語

目前大约有230万美国人在服刑。

Violence, property crimes, drugs,

暴力、财产犯罪、毒品，

and public order offenses are why most of those prisoners are doing time. 講解

以及破坏公共秩序罪是大多数囚犯入狱的原因。

What goes on in US prisons is also a matter of ongoing controversy, 講解

美国监狱里发生的事情也是一个持续争议的话题，

often depicted in movies and documentaries,

经常在电影和纪录片中被描绘，

but the atrocities of the past in those prisons and prisons all over the world are even more shocking.

但过去在这些监狱乃至世界各地监狱里发生的暴行更令人震惊。

That's what we'll look at today in this episode of the Infographics Show,

这就是我们在今天这期The Infographics Show中要探讨的内容，

worst prison experiments conducted on humans.

在人类身上进行的最糟糕的监狱实验。

Don't forget to subscribe and click the bell button so that you can be part of a notification squad.

别忘了订阅并点击小铃铛按钮，这样你就能成为通知小分队的一员。

Perhaps the worst of all nightmares is being surgically experimented on by a ruthless physician.

也许最糟糕的噩梦就是被一个冷酷无情的医生拿来做外科实验。

Such a narrative has been a mainstay in sci-fi and horror fiction for some time, 用詞

一段时间以来，这种情节一直是科幻和恐怖小说的主流，

with recent examples being Deadpool and before that the Human Centipede.

最近的例子有《死侍》，以及之前的《人体蜈蚣》。

These ideas didn't come out of nowhere. 習語

这些想法并非凭空出现。

Indeed, we might look back at an American doctor and eugenicist called Leo Stanley.

事实上，我们可以回顾一下一位名叫Leo Stanley的美国医生兼优生学家。

He was the chief surgeon at California's San Quentin State Prison from 1913 to 1951.

从1913年到1951年，他是加州圣昆丁州立监狱的首席外科医生。

As a believer in eugenics, 文化背景

作为优生学的信徒，

the principle that we can be improved by controlled breeding and modifying the body,

也就是认为我们可以通过控制生育和改造身体来完善人类的原则，

he started off at the prison by sterilizing all the men he considered beyond redemption. 講解

他在监狱里开始对所有他认为无可救药的男性进行绝育。

That was the least of it. 習語

那还只是最轻微的。

He also believed he could make an old prisoner more virile by implanting the testicles of young men that had been executed into older inmates. 語法

他还相信，通过将死刑犯的睾丸移植到老年囚犯体内，他可以让老囚犯变得更强壮。

It didn't really work,

这其实没什么用，

but he carried on, 短語動詞

但他还是继续做，

only with not enough dead men's nuts,

只是死人的睾丸不够用了，

he turned to using the glands of rams, boars, and goats on thousands of inmates. 短語動詞

他转而在数千名囚犯身上使用公羊、公猪和公山羊的腺体。

Such surgical experiments might make us wince, 語法

这样的外科实验也许会让我们不寒而栗，

but far worse was done with disease.

但更糟糕的是疾病实验。

One such case started in 1956 and went on for 14 years, 短語動詞

其中一个案例始于1956年，持续了14年，

during which researchers took mentally disabled children from Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, New York,

在此期间，研究人员从纽约斯塔滕岛的Willowbrook州立学校找来智障儿童，

and purposely gave them viral hepatitis.

并故意让他们感染病毒性肝炎。

The kids were given food contaminated with the feces of infected persons,

孩子们被喂食了被感染者粪便污染的食物，

which the doctors had told parents amounted to a vaccination. 短語動詞

医生告诉家长这就相当于打疫苗。

This wasn't true,

这不是真的，

and the case goes down as an immoral experiment to find a treatment for the disease. 短語動詞

这个案例作为一个寻找该疾病治疗方法的不道德实验被载入史册。

While this is not strictly a prison experiment,

虽然严格来说这不是监狱实验，

the children were for all intents and purposes in detention. 習語

但这些儿童在很大程度上处于被拘禁的状态。

If not for medical science,

如果不是为了医学，

then prisoners have been used in military experiments.

那么囚犯还被用于军事实验。

One such experiment happened over a period of 20 years in the 1950s and 70s

其中一项实验发生在20世纪50年代到70年代这20年间，

at the now infamous and closed down Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia.

地点在费城如今臭名昭著且已关闭的Holmesburg监狱。

The prison became notorious for its perfume experiments, 短語搭配

该监狱因其“香水实验”而声名狼藉，

a name the prisoners gave the experiments,

这是囚犯们给这些实验起的名字，

but was also known for mind control experiments.

但它也因精神控制实验而闻名。

Using mostly black prisoners,

主要使用黑人囚犯，

scientists at the University of Pennsylvania worked with the Dow Chemical Company,

宾夕法尼亚大学的科学家与陶氏化学公司、

the US Army, and Johnson and Johnson,

美国陆军以及强生公司合作，

performed a series of tests by injecting them with powerful toxic chemicals

进行了一系列测试，给他们注射剧毒化学物质，

in order to see how the skin reacts to them. 語法

以便观察皮肤对它们的反应。

Toxins were also added to prisoners' toothpaste, deodorant, shampoo, skin creams, and other products.

毒素还被加入囚犯的牙膏、除臭剂、洗发水、护肤霜和其他产品中。

Many of the prisoners became very sick

许多囚犯病得很重，

and many had painful and horrific-looking skin conditions.

许多人患上了痛苦且看起来很恐怖的皮肤病。

It's thought nine out of 10 prisoners were tested on. 語法

据说十分之九的囚犯都被当作了试验品。

One of the chilling facts from this time is what the leading scientist said when he first walked into the prison and realized how perfect it would be for testing.

这个时期最令人毛骨悚然的事实之一，是首席科学家第一次走进监狱，并意识到那里做测试有多完美时所说的话。

"All I saw before me were acres of skin. 習語

"我眼前看到的只有成片的皮肤。

It was like a farmer seeing a fertile field for the first time," he said.

就像农民第一次看到肥沃的田地一样，"他说。

If that wasn't bad enough, 表達脈絡

如果这还不够糟糕，

many inmates were also given LSD in mind control experiments.

许多囚犯还在精神控制实验中被喂食了LSD。

One of these psychological experiments involved a substance known as EA3167.

其中一项心理学实验涉及一种被称为EA3167的物质。

The drug, used in chemical warfare,

这种用于化学战的药物，

is said to cause delirium and other psychotic behavior lasting from three to four days with subsequent amnesia. 語法

据说会引起持续三到四天的谵妄和其他精神病行为，并伴有随后的健忘症。

While it's thought such methods are on their way out, 習語

虽然人们认为这些方法正在被淘汰，

former detainees of the USA's notorious detention center at Guantanamo Bay have reported that they too were experimented on with mind-altering drugs. 講解

但美国在关塔那摩湾臭名昭著的拘留中心的前被拘留者报告说，他们也被用于精神致幻药物的实验。

We will now turn our focus away from the USA and towards Germany. 表達脈絡

现在我们将把注意力从美国转向德国。

Detailing Nazi atrocities would be a show in itself, 習語

详细描述纳粹的暴行本身就可以做成一期节目，

so we will talk about perhaps the worst of the worst regarding experiments performed on prisoners in concentration camps. 習語

所以我们将谈论集中营中对囚犯进行的也许是最糟糕的实验。

Again, it is the surgical experiments that make the skin crawl the most. 習語

同样，最让人毛骨悚然的还是外科实验。

Some of these were conducted by Nazi scientist Josef Mengele, 文化背景

其中一些是由纳粹科学家Josef Mengele进行的，

who it is said during 1943 and 1944 performed experiments on almost 1,500 twins in the camps.

据说他在1943年至1944年间，在集中营里对近1500对双胞胎进行了实验。

Twins were initially saved from the gas chamber so the doctor could conduct his tests in the name of eugenics. 短語搭配

双胞胎最初从毒气室中被救出，以便医生能够以优生学的名义进行测试。

Stories differ on what he actually did, 表達脈絡

关于他到底做了什么，说法不一，

but according to the BBC, he would sometimes take out organs without anesthetic.

但根据BBC的报道，他有时会在没有麻醉的情况下摘取器官。

The BBC also wrote that he had a collection of human eyes of all different colors stuck to his laboratory wall.

BBC还写道，他收集了各种颜色的眼球，贴在实验室的墙上。

He was fascinated with eye color

他对眼睛的颜色很着迷，

and it's said he would inject dye into children's eyes to change the color.

据说他会在孩子们的眼睛里注射染料以改变颜色。

Adding to the horror and mystery behind the strange case of Dr. Mengele,

让Dr. Mengele这个奇怪案例更添恐怖和神秘色彩的是，

who, according to some surviving twins,

根据一些幸存的双胞胎所说，

had a fatherly side to him, 短語搭配

他有慈父般的一面，

there is one story that says he sewed two Gypsy twins together to make them conjoined. 表達脈絡

但有一个故事说，他把两个吉普赛双胞胎缝在一起，使他们变成连体婴。

They lay there died of gangrene,

他们躺在那里死于坏疽，

it was reported, after spending three days in terrible agony.

据报道，是在经历了三天的可怕痛苦之后。

Some prisoners were said to have bone, muscle, and nerve transplantation

据说有些囚犯在没有麻醉的情况下

performed on them without anesthesia.

接受了骨骼、肌肉和神经移植手术。

The Nazis also conducted all kinds of other experiments,

纳粹还进行了各种其他实验，

including freezing prisoners to study hypothermia,

包括冷冻囚犯以研究体温过低，

infecting them with diseases,

让他们感染疾病，

poisoning them, and burning them alive.

毒死他们，以及活活烧死他们。

Japan also has a dark past involving its treatment of prisoners of war. 講解

日本在对待战俘方面也有一段黑暗的过去。

Many of the worst atrocities were carried out on American POWs, 短語動詞

许多最严重的暴行都发生在美国战俘身上，

something which has been told in all its lurid detail. 短語搭配

其中的骇人细节都已被讲述出来。

In one such article, the Guardian explains that US prisoners were injected with seawater.

《卫报》在一篇这样的文章中解释说，美国囚犯被注射了海水。

One man had his lung removed

一个男人的肺被切除了，

and another man had his head drilled into

另一个男人的头被钻了个洞，

so doctors could take out some of his brain

以便医生可以取出他的一些脑组织，

in an effort to better understand epilepsy. 語法

试图更好地了解癫痫。

It's also reported that one of the soldiers had his liver removed

还有报道称，一名士兵的肝脏被切除，

for it later to become dinner for Japanese soldiers.

后来成了日本士兵的晚餐。

The charge of cannibalism to the Japanese soldiers was never brought,

然而，由于缺乏证据，

though, due to a lack of evidence. 短語搭配

对日本士兵吃人的指控从未被提出。

According to a Japanese man who was a medical student at the camp,

据营地里的一名日本医学生说，

the experiments had no medical value.

这些实验没有任何医学价值。

"They were being used to inflict as cruel a death as possible on the prisoners," said the man. 講解

"这些实验是为了让囚犯尽可能死得残酷，"该男子说。

The Japanese Imperial Army's penchant for torture didn't stop in Japan. 用詞

日本帝国军队对酷刑的嗜好并没有止步于日本。

A research and development center located in China known as Unit 731 文化背景

一个位于中国、被称为731部队的研发中心，

was the place where Chinese POWs would experience a kind of hell on Earth. 習語

就是中国战俘经历人间地狱的地方。

It's now believed that thousands of POWs experienced live vivisection without anesthesia. 用詞

现在人们相信数千名战俘在没有麻醉的情况下经历了活体解剖。

Not only soldiers, 語法

不仅是士兵，

but local women and children had their organs removed in the name of science.

当地的妇女和儿童也被以科学的名义摘除器官。

Most would die.

大多数人都会死。

It's said that other prisoners had their limbs removed so the Japanese could study blood loss,

据说其他囚犯被切除了四肢，以便日本人可以研究失血情况，

and sometimes the doctors would attempt to attach the limbs to the opposite side.

有时医生还会尝试将四肢缝合在对侧。

The list of cruelties is a long one,

暴行清单很长，

and it's thought thousands of civilians died in the end,

据说最终有成千上万的平民死亡，

many of whom had been purposely infected with a number of diseases. 語法

其中许多人被故意感染了多种疾病。

Other prisoners were killed when the Japanese were merely testing how well their guns, bombs, and flamethrowers worked. 語法

还有些囚犯在日本人仅仅是为了测试他们的枪支、炸弹和火焰喷射器的工作情况时被杀害。

Over to Russia and life in a gulag, 講解

转向俄罗斯和古拉格的生活，

the Russian prison for so-called enemies of the people. 語氣意圖

这个俄罗斯用来关押所谓的“人民公敌”的监狱。

One of a number of horrible ways to die in the gulag was to have poisons tested on you. 語法

在古拉格，众多可怕的死法之一就是在身上测试毒药。

It's reported that a famous doctor used scores of patients while testing deadly poisons at the gulag's Laboratory 12, 用詞

据报道，一位著名医生在古拉格的12号实验室（又名“密室”）测试致命毒药时，使用了数十名病人。

aka the Chamber. 用詞

这个所谓的“密室”。

Head of the lab, Grigory Mairanovsky,

实验室负责人Grigory Mairanovsky

was looking for a poison that was tasteless but could kill a man in seconds.

正在寻找一种无味但能在几秒钟内致人死亡的毒药。

It's reported that many of the victims of the Chamber were previously well-respected academics,

据报道，许多“密室”的受害者以前都是备受尊敬的学者、

politicians, and artists.

政治家和艺术家。

Well, that's the end of today's rather macabre show.

好了，今天这期有些恐怖的节目就到此结束了。

Do you think that we, as a civilization, 表達脈絡

你们认为，作为一个文明社会，

have moved past experimenting on prisoners, 短語動詞

我们已经不再对囚犯进行实验了吗，

or do you think it's still going on today?

或者你认为今天还在继续？

Let us know in the comments.

欢迎在评论区告诉我们。

Also, be sure to check out our other video called Most Painful Things a Human Can Experience.

此外，请务必查看我们的另一个视频《人类能经历的最痛苦的事》。

Thanks for watching,

感谢观看，

and as always, don't forget to like, share, and subscribe.

像往常一样，别忘了点赞、分享和订阅。

See you next time.

我们下次见。