原子弹 vs 氢弹 —— 它们有何不同？：英语精读讲义

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The word bomb comes from the Latin word bombus,

“炸弹”(bomb)一词来自拉丁语 bombus，

meaning something that booms.

意思是发出轰隆声的东西。

It's thought it was the Chinese that created the first ever bombs 語法

人们认为，早在13世纪，

with explosives inside a harder metal shell way back in the 13th century.

就是中国人发明了人类历史上第一批将炸药装在坚硬金属壳内的炸弹。

But these powerful explosives will be remembered mostly for causing havoc during the Second World War, 短語搭配

但这些威力巨大的爆炸物被人铭记，主要还是因为它们在二战期间造成的浩劫，

when Germany and Britain were butting heads in their respective aerial bombing campaigns. 習語

当时德国和英国在各自的空袭轰炸中针锋相对。

The Unabomber made small explosives that would explode upon opening a package, 語法

大学航空炸弹客（Unabomber）制造了在打开包裹时会爆炸的小型爆炸物，

and terrorists leave them at the side of roads.

恐怖分子则把它们放在路边。

But there are bombs so powerful that we don't even want to use them, 語法

但有些炸弹威力太大，甚至连我们自己都不想使用，

and that's what we'll explore today.

而这正是我们今天要探讨的话题。

In this episode of The Infographics Show,

在《The Infographics Show》的本期视频中，

Atomic Bomb versus Hydrogen Bomb,

原子弹与氢弹，

how do they compare?

它们之间有何比较？

We'll start with the atomic bomb.

我们先从原子弹说起。

You might have heard of this kind of bomb

你可能听说过这种炸弹，

and have probably seen pictures of the devastation it can cause.

也很可能见过它所能造成的毁灭性景象的照片。

This is the type of bomb that was dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

这就是美国人于1945年，

in 1945 by the Americans.

投在广岛和长崎这两个日本城市的炸弹类型。

Make no mistake, 語氣意圖

别搞错了，

the British were behind this plan and also very much involved in the process. 習語

英国人是这个计划的幕后支持者，且非常深入地参与了这一过程。

It's said around 80,000 people died instantly in Hiroshima

据说，在名为“小男孩”的炸弹被投下后，

after the bomb, known as Little Boy,

广岛大约有8万人瞬间丧生，

was dropped and more than double that died in total, 語法

而总死亡人数是这个数字的两倍多，

mostly due to radiation.

主要是因为辐射。

In Nagasaki,

在长崎，

the bomb, nicknamed Fat Man,

代号为“胖子”的炸弹，

instantly killed around 70,000 people.

瞬间夺去了大约7万人的生命。

So,

那么，

how did scientists create something so deadly?

科学家们是如何创造出如此致命的武器的呢？

Well, you see,

嗯，你要知道，

scientists for a while had known that you could potentially create

一段时间以来，科学家们已经了解到，

a huge amount of energy from little matter.

你有可能从极少的物质中创造出巨大的能量。

Albert Einstein knew that,

阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦知道这一点，

but it wasn't he that created the atomic bomb. 語法

但原子弹并不是他发明的。

Apparently, the Germans thought this was possible,

显然，德国人认为这是可能的，

but the British had already formed a committee

但英国人已经成立了一个委员会，

and published something called the British Maud Report,

并发表了一份名为英国《莫德报告》的文件，

which detailed the feasibility of creating an atomic bomb.

其中详细说明了制造原子弹的可行性。

The scientists wrote that it was possible to create massive amounts of TNT

科学家们写道，可以产生相当于大量TNT当量的能量，

from a small ball of uranium 235.

而这些能量仅来自一小球铀-235。

A report called Use of Uranium for a Bomb was written,

随后编写了一份名为《铀在炸弹中的使用》的报告，

which was given by the British to the USA.

英国人将其交给了美国。

Soviet spies also got their hands on the report. 習語

苏联间谍也弄到了这份报告。

This is how it all began.

这一切就是这样开始的。

The Americans invested lots of money in actually creating this bomb,

美国人投入了大量资金去实际制造这种炸弹，

and that was under the aegis of the government's Manhattan Project. 用詞

那就是在政府的“曼哈顿计划”的庇护下进行的。

Many people took part in this,

许多人参与了这项工作，

including military engineers,

包括军事工程师、

MIT scientists,

麻省理工学院的科学家、

the company DuPont,

杜邦公司，

and a couple of ace physicists called J. Robert Oppenheimer

以及像 J·罗伯特·奥本海默

and Enrico Fermi.

和恩里科·费米这样的几位顶尖物理学家。

So, what did they discover over at the Manhattan Project?

那么，他们在曼哈顿计划中发现了什么？

They found that they could create a massive explosion

他们发现，可以通过用通俗的话来说被称为“分裂原子”的方法，

by what in layman's terms became known as splitting the atom. 短語搭配

制造出巨大的爆炸。

This is known as nuclear fission.

这就是所谓的核裂变。

Today, you should remember two words:

今天，你应该记住两个词：

fission, splitting something, 用詞

裂变（fission），分裂某个东西；

and fusion, joining something.

聚变（fusion），结合某个东西。

As for nuclear fission,

至于核裂变，

one anti-nuclear website describes it like this:

一个反核网站是这样描述的：

"The nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller fragments by a neutron.

“原子的原子核被中子分裂成两个较小的碎片。

This method usually involves isotopes of uranium or plutonium.

这种方法通常涉及铀或钚的同位素。

Neutrons split from the nucleus,

中子从原子核中分裂出来，

and energy is released,

并释放出能量，

and then these neutrons hit other uranium or plutonium nuclei,

然后这些中子撞击其他铀或钚原子核，

and they also split,

它们也随之分裂，

further yielding more energy and more and more neutrons."

进一步产生更多的能量和越来越多的中子。”

This produces a powerful and instantaneous chain reaction 用詞

这会产生一种强大而瞬间的链式反应，

that can produce something like 15 kilotons and 20 kilotons of TNT.

能够产生大约1.5万吨到2万吨TNT的威力。

It sounds simple, eh? 語氣意圖

听起来很简单，对吧？

But as you know,

但如你所知，

few countries are capable of doing it.

很少有国家有能力做到这一点。

Those include the United States,

其中包括美国、

Russia, the United Kingdom,

俄罗斯、英国、

China, France, India,

中国、法国、印度、

Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea.

巴基斯坦、以色列和朝鲜。

It's hard because first you need your material,

这很难，因为首先你需要材料，

which includes weapons-grade uranium.

其中包括武器级铀。

As you've seen in the movies,

就像你在电影里看到的那样，

getting your hands on this stuff is not easy.

弄到这种东西并不容易。

Besides that, you then need scientists clever enough to understand the process of making a bomb, 語法

除此之外，你还需要足够聪明的科学家来理解制造炸弹的过程，

and you also need to spend tons of money on missiles that can carry the thing.

你还需要花大笔资金在能携带这个东西的导弹上。

So, let's say someone has gotten hold of this weapons-grade uranium. 表達脈絡

那么，假设有人搞到了这些武器级铀。

Can they make a bomb?

他们能制造出炸弹吗？

Live Science tells us that to create this chain reaction we just talked about,

《Live Science》告诉我们，为了创造我们刚才谈到的那种链式反应，

scientists have to create something called a supercritical mass to hold the atoms.

科学家必须创造出一种叫做超临界质量的东西来容纳原子。

It's this state that allows the chain reaction to happen.

正是这种状态使得链式反应得以发生。

A supercritical mass is formed in a uranium bomb

在铀弹中形成超临界质量的方法是，

by initially storing the fuel as separate subcritical masses 語法

最初将燃料作为单独的次临界质量存储，

to prevent the bomb from detonating too early, 語法

以防止炸弹过早起爆，

and then joining the two masses together,

然后再将这两个质量块结合在一起，

said Live Science.

《Live Science》指出。

It's also difficult to make the bomb

要想以一种能让链式反应发生的方式制造炸弹，

in a way that will allow this chain reaction to take place

并在能量导致其失效之前完成，

before the energy causes it to fail.

这同样也是很困难的。

This tricky process and the fact that getting the raw materials is so hard

这种棘手的过程，再加上获取原材料的困难程度，

is the reason so few countries have these things.

就是为什么很少有国家拥有这些武器的原因。

Now, you're thinking,

现在，你可能在想，

"They haven't even answered the question yet."

“他们甚至还没回答这个问题呢。”

Well, we kind of did before 語氣意圖

刚才我们其实已经回答了一半，

when we told you the definition of the word fusion.

就是在我们告诉你“聚变”这个词的定义时。

A hydrogen bomb is not a fission bomb, 語法

氢弹不是裂变弹，

but a fusion bomb.

而是聚变弹。

And besides the difference in how the H-bomb is made,

除了氢弹的制造方式不同之外，

another difference is that it is much more powerful. 表達脈絡

另一个区别是它的威力要大得多。

Time Magazine tells us the H-bomb

《时代周刊》告诉我们，氢弹

could potentially be a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb. 語法

的威力可能比原子弹大一千倍。

A scientist told Time Magazine that to make one of these,

一位科学家告诉《时代周刊》，要制造这种炸弹，

you need to first master the atomic bomb.

你必须首先掌握原子弹的制造。

To make it, using a simple recipe formula,

为了制造它，用一个简单的配方公式来说，

you still need that uranium or some plutonium.

你仍然需要铀或一些钚。

You then throw in some deuterium and tritium, 短語動詞

然后你再加入一些氘和氚，

which are isotopes of hydrogen,

它们是氢的同位素，

and the magic happens when you fuse atoms together 習語

当你把原子融合在一起，

rather than split them. 語法

而不是将它们分裂时，奇迹就发生了。

You need really high temperatures to cause this fusion,

你需要非常高的温度来引发这种聚变，

and that's where you get the name thermonuclear bomb.

这也就是它被称为热核炸弹的原因。

Voila,

瞧，

mankind's pièce de résistance in the age of possible annihilation. 習語

这就是人类在可能面临毁灭的时代中的“杰作”。

It's said they are even harder to make,

据说它们更难制造，

but lighter, so they can travel more easily on the back of a missile.

但重量更轻，因此可以更容易地装在导弹上飞行。

Thankfully, no one has dropped one of these on people,

谢天谢地，从来没有人把这种炸弹投在人类身上过，

but the USA and Russia both tested these mega bombs in the 1950s.

但美国和俄罗斯在20世纪50年代都测试过这些巨型炸弹。

This was shortly after two scientists in the US,

就在这不久之前，美国的两名科学家，

Edward Teller and Stanislav Ulam, created it.

爱德华·泰勒和斯坦尼斯拉夫·乌拉姆创造了它。

It's also believed that Britain, Russia, China, and France have conducted hydrogen bomb tests,

人们还认为，英国、俄罗斯、中国和法国都进行过氢弹测试，

and the jury is still out on North Korea. 習語

而关于朝鲜是否进行过测试目前尚无定论。

If you want to know what happened immediately after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima,

如果你想知道原子弹被投在广岛后立即发生了什么，

Life Magazine reported it in 1945 like this:

《生活》杂志在1945年是这样报道的：

"In the following waves,

“在随后的冲击波中，

people's bodies were terribly squeezed,

人们的身体被极度挤压，

then their internal organs ruptured,

然后他们的内脏破裂，

then the blast blew the broken bodies at 500 to 1,000 mph

接着爆炸以每小时500到1000英里的速度，

through the flaming rubble-filled air.

将残缺不全的身体吹入充满燃烧瓦砾的空中。

Practically everyone within a radius of 6,500 ft was killed." 短語搭配

方圆6500英尺内的所有人几乎都丧生了。”

After hearing that,

听到这些之后，

imagine what an H-bomb could do 語法

想象一下，如果氢弹的威力是一千倍，

if it's a thousand times more powerful.

它能造成怎样的后果。

The website NUKEMAP believes that if such a bomb was dropped on New York,

网站 NUKEMAP 认为，如果这样一枚炸弹被投在纽约，

right on top of New York City Hall,

正好落在纽约市政厅的正上方，

it would result in 385,660 deaths 短語搭配

仅爆炸本身就会造成385,660人死亡，

and 632,540 injuries from the blast alone.

以及632,540人受伤。

Fires would burn,

大火将燃烧，

everything would be destroyed around the blast site

爆炸地点周围的一切都将被摧毁，

with destruction reaching as far as New Jersey. 短語搭配

破坏范围远至新泽西州。

Radiation would then get to work, 習語

然后辐射会开始起作用，

and NUKEMAP believes the death toll would be about 792,630. 用詞

NUKEMAP 认为死亡人数将达到约 792,630 人。

Imagine bombs were dropped on lots of American cities 表達脈絡

想象一下，如果炸弹被投在美国的许多城市，

and you have a fallout that would affect much of the country.

随之而来的核沉降物将影响整个国家的大部分地区。

Well, we'll leave you with that sobering thought. 表達脈絡

好了，我们将让你留着这个发人深省的念头。

Do you know what to do in the case of a massive emergency? 短語搭配

你知道在发生大规模紧急情况时该怎么办吗？

Maybe in the event of something more realistic than a nuclear fallout,

也许在发生比核沉降更现实的情况时，

like an earthquake or a flood.

比如地震或洪水。

If not,

如果不知道，

you should consider taking a class with a retired US Navy military police officer 語法

你应该考虑参加一门由美国海军退役宪兵教授的课程，

called Basic Disaster Prep: Developing a Home Preparedness Plan.

名为《基础灾难准备：制定家庭防备计划》。

You can learn this and many more things by joining Skillshare.

加入 Skillshare，你可以学到这些以及更多东西。

Study things that will help you out with your day-to-day life 短語動詞

学习对你日常生活有帮助的知识，

or maybe improve skills that will get you better job opportunities.

或者提升技能，从而为你获得更好的工作机会。

Skillshare is an online learning community with over 20,000 classes

Skillshare 是一个在线学习社区，拥有超过两万门课程，

in leadership, photography, productivity, and more.

涵盖领导力、摄影、生产力等领域。

Premium membership will give you unlimited access to topics 短語搭配

高级会员将为你提供无限制地访问，

that will improve your skills and your life.

那些能够提升你的技能并改善生活的课程主题。

Join the millions of other people who are using Skillshare

加入数百万使用 Skillshare 的人的行列，

and get 2 months for free.

免费获得两个月的会员。

To sign up and support the Infographics Show at the same time,

要在注册的同时支持 The Infographics Show，

go to skillshare.com/infographics4 or click the link in the description

请访问 skillshare.com/infographics4 或点击简介中的链接，

and start learning today.

今天就开始学习吧。

Do you think the US should work harder at stopping the proliferation of nuclear weapons? 用詞

你认为美国应该更加努力地阻止核武器扩散吗？

Was it a mistake to tear up the Iran nuclear accord? 短語動詞

撕毁伊朗核协议是一个错误吗？

Let us know your thoughts in the comments.

在评论区告诉我们你的想法。

Also, be sure to check out our other video called

此外，一定也要看看我们的另一部视频，名为

What is the deadliest substance on Earth?

《地球上最致命的物质是什么？》

Thanks for watching,

感谢观看，

and as always,

像往常一样，

don't forget to like, share, and subscribe.

别忘了点赞、分享和订阅。

See you next time.

下次再见。