跨性别的科学 ft. Gigi Gorgeous：英语精读讲义

There's a lot of misinformation out there about what it means to be transgender, 講解

关于身为跨性别者究竟意味着什么，外界流传着许多错误信息，

but recently scientists have begun to look more closely into the neurology, 短語動詞

不过最近，科学家开始更深入地研究其背后的神经学、

physiology, and psychology behind it.

生理学和心理学原理。

So today, we're going to break down what science does know in a respectful and educational way. 短語動詞

所以今天，我们会以尊重且具有教育意义的方式，梳理科学目前已知的事实。

Hey guys,

大家好，

I'm Gigi Gorgeous,

我是 Gigi Gorgeous，

and today I'm here with AsapSCIENCE to break down the science of being transgender.

今天我会和 AsapSCIENCE 一起，为大家讲解跨性别背后的科学。

Before we get too deep into it, 習語

在深入探讨之前，

we have to look at your genetic sex or the chromosomes you have.

我们得先了解你在遗传学上的性别，也就是你拥有的染色体。

These were determined right at fertilization,

这些在受精的一刻就已经决定了：

when the sperm cell from your father,

来自父亲的精子

which carries an X or a Y chromosome,

携带一条 X 或 Y 染色体，

fused with the egg from your mother, 短語搭配

会与来自母亲的卵细胞结合，

which carries an X chromosome.

而卵细胞携带一条 X 染色体。

But until six or seven weeks after fertilization,

不过，在受精后的头六到七周里，

both XY and XX embryos have identical gonads.

XY 和 XX 胚胎的性腺完全相同。

Around seven weeks,

大约到了第七周，

the male sex organs start to develop because of a gene on the Y chromosome called SRY.

Y 染色体上一个名为 SRY 的基因会促使男性生殖器官开始发育。

It causes cells to become more specialized,

它会让细胞进一步分化，

and these cells create testosterone,

这些细胞会产生睾酮，

which in turn triggers the development of structures like the penis and scrotum, 表達脈絡

睾酮继而促使阴茎、阴囊等结构发育，

while other cells block female development by degenerating the female ducts. 語法

同时，其他细胞会让女性生殖管退化，从而阻止女性生殖系统发育。

However, in female development,

而在女性发育的过程中，

because there is no Y chromosome with the SRY gene,

由于不存在带有 SRY 基因的 Y 染色体，

these ducts stay intact and become the uterus, cervix, upper vagina,

这些生殖管会保留下来，并发育成子宫、宫颈、阴道上部，

and the oviduct with the help of estrogen and chemicals secreted by the early kidney. 短語搭配

以及输卵管；这一过程还需要雌激素和早期肾脏分泌的化学物质协助。

But it's not always that simple. 表達脈絡

但事情并不总是这么简单。

There are sometimes even rare combinations like XXY, XXX, XXYY, etc.

有时甚至会出现 XXY、XXX、XXYY 等罕见的染色体组合。

and even people with XX chromosomes that develop male genitals and characteristics

甚至有些拥有 XX 染色体的人会发育出男性生殖器和男性特征，

due to a piece of the Y chromosome breaking off and switching places to an X chromosome. 短語動詞

这是因为 Y 染色体的一小段断裂，并转移到了 X 染色体上。

But sexual differentiation in the brain actually happens much later than gonadal differentiation. 語法

不过，大脑的性别分化其实远晚于性腺分化。

And yes,

没错，

although controversial, 表達脈絡

尽管这点仍有争议，

male and female brains have structural and functional differences between each other.

男性与女性的大脑在结构和功能上确实有所不同。

Studies have found that males generally have a larger cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus, 表達脈絡

研究发现，一般来说，男性的大脑、小脑和海马体体积更大，

while females have higher density left frontal lobes and larger volumes in the right frontal lobes.

而女性的左额叶密度更高，右额叶体积也更大。

So what exactly do we see when we look at the brain of a transgender person? 表達脈絡

那么，观察跨性别者的大脑时，我们究竟会看到什么？

Several studies have shown that transgender brains are both structurally and functionally more similar to their experienced gender identity than their biological sex. 語法

多项研究显示，跨性别者的大脑在结构和功能上都更接近他们自我认同的性别，而非生理性别。

One study found that trans women,

一项研究发现，跨性别女性

who, despite being assigned male at birth, 講解

尽管出生时被指定为男性，

had a smaller female-sized structure in the hypothalamus.

其下丘脑内却有一处较小的结构，大小与女性的相应结构相近。

MRI scans also show the brain structures of trans people to be more similar in thickness to their experienced gender and not their sex. 語法

MRI 扫描也显示，跨性别者的大脑结构在厚度上更接近他们自我认同的性别，而不是生理性别。

Finally,

最后，

the pheromone androstadienone causes different hypothalamic responses in male and female brains.

一种名为雄甾二烯酮的信息素会让男性和女性大脑的下丘脑产生不同反应。

And when individuals with gender dysphoria were exposed to it, 短語搭配

当有性别焦虑的人接触这种物质时，

the hypothalamic response matched their perceived gender rather than their sex. 短語搭配

其下丘脑的反应与他们自我认知的性别一致，而非生理性别。

These studies help to highlight how masculinization or feminization of the gonads is not always the same as the brain,

这些研究有助于说明，性腺的男性化或女性化并不总是与大脑一致，

and that there's a difference between your sex or your anatomy 語法

也说明生理性别，也就是身体构造，

and your gender or how we perceive our own bodies.

与性别认同，也就是我们如何感知自己的身体，是两回事。

There also seems to be a genetic component to transgender identity. 表達脈絡

遗传因素似乎也会影响跨性别认同。

Looking at family histories,

从家族史来看，

gender identity incongruence seems to run in the family, 習語

性别认同不一致的情况似乎会在家族中一再出现，

meaning they may be inherited.

这意味着这种情况可能会遗传。

The CYP17 gene,

CYP17 基因

which controls the body's level of sex hormones,

负责调控人体内的性激素水平，

has a changed allele that is expressed frequently in trans men.

而该基因的一种变异等位基因常见于跨性别男性。

Although more research could be done, 表達脈絡

虽然这方面还有待更多研究，

scientists are currently looking at over 3 million DNA markers for transgender identity

科学家目前正在分析 300 多万个 DNA 标记，寻找与跨性别认同有关的线索，

to investigate any genetic link for being trans.

以探究跨性别是否存在遗传关联。

Even though scientific studies validate the experience of transgender people, 語法

尽管科学研究为跨性别者的经历提供了佐证，

they're still suffering from more depression and anxiety than the general public. 短語搭配

他们仍比普通大众更常受到抑郁和焦虑的困扰。

The risk of suicide is more prominent in transgender people who have been rejected by their family,

如果跨性别者遭到家人排斥，他们的自杀风险会更高；

discriminated in the workplace, 語法

如果他们在职场中受到歧视，

or in healthcare.

或在医疗服务中受到歧视，风险同样会升高。

Suicide risks seem to decrease after gender transitioning,

自杀风险似乎会在性别过渡后降低，

suggesting that gender dysphoria can cause an extreme amount of emotional pain, 表達脈絡

这表明性别焦虑可能会造成极大的情绪痛苦，

even to the point of suicide. 短語搭配

甚至可能把人逼到自杀的地步。

If you, a family member,

如果你、你的家人

or a friend is suffering from gender dysphoria,

或朋友正受到性别焦虑的困扰，

there are a few links in the description for more information.

视频简介中有几个链接，可以帮助你了解更多信息。

Thank you so much Gigi for being part of this video. 語氣意圖

Gigi，非常感谢你参与这期视频。

It means so much, 語氣意圖

这对我们意义重大，

and we're happy that you're here to do this with us.

我们也很高兴你能来和我们一起做这件事。

Oh, well thank you guys for using your channel,

哦，也谢谢你们愿意用自己的频道，

your platform,

用自己的平台，

validating transgender experiences with science,

通过科学为跨性别者的经历提供佐证，

which just brings us closer to equality. 習語

这让我们离平等又近了一步。

Absolutely.

当然。

If you guys want to check out Gigi's channel,

如果大家想看看 Gigi 的频道，

we'll put links in the description or on the screen somewhere.

我们会把链接放在视频简介里，或是屏幕上的某个位置。

Otherwise, you can subscribe for more science here every week,

另外，也欢迎订阅我们的频道，每周收看更多科学内容，

and we'll see you next time.

我们下次再见。

Peace.

拜拜。