整个世界都依赖一家公司制造的机器：英语精读讲义

The US government is really worried about China's ambitions when it comes to making microchips. 短語搭配

美国政府对中国在制造微芯片方面的野心感到非常担忧。

But so far, 短語搭配

但到目前为止，

China has not gotten its hands on a very important machine sold by just one company. 習語

中国还没有获得一台由仅一家公司出售的非常重要的机器。

In a previous video,

在之前的视频中，

I talked about how Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company makes over 90% of the smallest and most sophisticated chips in the world.

我谈到了台湾积体电路制造公司是如何制造了世界上90%以上最小、最复杂的芯片的。

Their semiconductor chips power everything from fridges to F-35 fighter jets. 短語搭配

他们的半导体芯片为从冰箱到F-35战斗机的一切提供动力。

In other words, 表達脈絡

换句话说，

they make civilization function.

它们维持着文明的运转。

Well,

嗯，

a lot of people who watched my video pointed out TSMC cannot make their chips without one piece of equipment. 講解

很多看了我视频的人指出，如果没有一件设备，台积电就无法制造芯片。

And it's true.

这是事实。

TSMC cannot make its chips without a 150 million dollar machine from a Dutch company called ASML.

如果没有荷兰ASML公司的一台价值1.5亿美元的机器，台积电就无法制造芯片。

ASML's high-end equipment prints the tiny features that form the basis of TSMC's microchips. 短語搭配

ASML的高端设备能印制出构成台积电微芯片基础的微小特征。

Microchips are made by building up billions of tiny transistors. 語法

微芯片是由数十亿个微小的晶体管构建而成的。

An ASML machine patterns the finest lines on the microchips using a method called lithography.

ASML的机器使用一种称为光刻的方法在微芯片上绘制最精细的线条。

The projection system shrinks and focuses the pattern onto a silicon wafer.

投影系统将图案缩小并聚焦到硅晶圆上。

After the pattern is printed,

在打印好图案后，

it moves the wafer slightly and makes another copy on the wafer.

它会将晶圆稍微移动一下，并在晶圆上再印制一份。

They are built up layer by layer, 短語搭配

它们是一层一层叠加起来的，

like layering a cake,

就像做千层蛋糕一样，

except much more complicated because this involves up to 100 layers with nanometer precision. 語法

只不过要复杂得多，因为这涉及多达100层具有纳米精度的结构。

The more transistors can be added to a chip, 語法

芯片上可以添加的晶体管越多，

the more powerful the chip becomes.

芯片就越强大。

ASML is the only company in the world that makes the machine needed to print advanced microchips.

ASML是世界上唯一一家制造能印制先进微芯片所需机器的公司。

It manufactures the equipment at its factories in Veldhoven,

它在位于费尔德霍芬的工厂制造这些设备，

Netherlands.

该地位于荷兰。

The company was founded in 1984 as a joint venture between the electronics giant Philips and the Dutch chip machine manufacturer ASM International. 用詞

这家公司成立于1984年，是电子巨头飞利浦和荷兰芯片机器制造商ASM International的合资企业。

ASML is now an independent company.

ASML现在是一家独立的公司。

It has a monopoly on EUV lithography, 講解

它在EUV光刻技术上拥有垄断地位，

extreme ultraviolet light,

即极紫外光，

an extremely short wavelength of light that can create even tinier circuitry than is possible with conventional lithography, 語法

这是一种波长极短的光，能制造出比传统光刻技术更微小的电路，

which relies on deep UV.

后者依赖于深紫外线。

EUV light doesn't occur naturally on Earth,

EUV光在地球上不会自然产生，

only in outer space.

仅存在于外太空。

So ASML must generate it somehow.

所以ASML必须设法生成它。

To generate the light,

为了产生这种光，

a CO2 laser fires two laser pulses at a drop of tin, 用詞

二氧化碳激光器向一滴锡发射两道激光脉冲，

vaporizing it. 語法

使其蒸发。

The tin vapor becomes plasma,

锡蒸气变成等离子体，

which emits EUV light.

从而发出EUV光。

This happens at a rate of 50,000 times a second. 短語搭配

这一切以每秒50000次的速率发生。

The machines are assembled in clean rooms containing zero dust.

这些机器在无尘室中组装。

These rooms are 10,000 times cleaner than outside air. 語法

这些房间比室外空气干净10000倍。

Even the smallest speck of dust that ends up on a wafer can ruin it. 講解

即便落在晶圆上的最小一粒灰尘也能毁了它。

The company's decision to switch to EUV light in the '90s gave it an astounding advantage.

公司在90年代决定转向EUV光的举措给它带来了惊人的优势。

It cost billions of dollars to make the radical switch in light sources,

进行光源的彻底转变耗资数十亿美元，

but the effort has paid off big time. 短語動詞

但这些努力取得了巨大的回报。

ASML is now valued at around $193 billion.

ASML现在的估值约为1930亿美元。

EUV equipment is sold to the largest chipmakers in the world,

EUV设备被出售给全球最大的芯片制造商，

TSMC, Samsung, and Intel.

台积电、三星和英特尔。

Every one of its machines has over a 100,000 parts. 語法

其每台机器都有超过10万个零部件。

They're shipped in 40 freight containers,

它们被装在40个集装箱中运输，

20 trucks, and three Boeing 747s.

需要20辆卡车和三架波音747。

Like the rest of the world,

像世界其他地方一样，

China also relies on ASML machines for Chinese companies that are producing semiconductor chips.

中国生产半导体芯片的公司也依赖ASML的机器。

But in 2019,

但在2019年，

the Trump administration successfully lobbied the Dutch government to block shipments of ASML's most sophisticated machines to China. 用詞

特朗普政府成功游说荷兰政府阻止向中国运送ASML最先进的机器。

And the Biden administration has shown no signs of reversing that policy. 短語搭配

拜登政府也没有表现出扭转这一政策的迹象。

However, ASML is not restricted from exporting slightly older technology to China. 短語搭配

然而，ASML并不受限制向中国出口稍微过时一点的技术。

ASML's older deep ultraviolet systems are a generation behind the EUV ones, 短語搭配

ASML较旧的深紫外系统比EUV系统落后一代，

but still the most common way to make less advanced chips.

但仍然是制造不太先进芯片的最常见方式。

In 2021,

在2021年，

16% of ASML's sales went to China,

ASML销售额的16%流向了中国，

around $2.2 billion worth. 短語搭配

价值约22亿美元。

The company expects similar figures for 2022.

该公司预计2022年的数字与之相近。

Washington has been trying to hamper China's chip-making progress in many ways.

华盛顿一直试图在许多方面阻碍中国的芯片制造进程。

When President Biden signed the CHIPS Act in August, 文化背景

当拜登总统在8月签署《芯片法案》时，

it included a caveat that if TSMC or other chip companies want billions in US subsidies for building new plants in America, 用詞

其中包含一项附加条款：如果台积电或其他芯片公司想在美国建新厂并获得数十亿美元的美国补贴，

they have to agree not to sell their most advanced chips to China. 語法

他们必须同意不向中国出售其最先进的芯片。

Washington has also been pushing ASML,

华盛顿也一直在向ASML施压，

even to stop shipping its less sophisticated chip-making machines to China.

甚至要求其停止向中国运送不太先进的芯片制造机器。

This could deal a serious blow to Chinese company SMIC, 習語

这可能对中国公司中芯国际（SMIC）造成严重打击，

which has reportedly been making 7 nanometer semiconductor chips 用詞

据报道，该公司一直在制造7纳米半导体芯片

that are only a generation behind the 5 nanometer ones manufactured by TSMC and Samsung.

这仅落后于台积电和三星制造的5纳米芯片一代。

If Washington gets its way, 習語

如果华盛顿如愿以偿，

even ASML's older lithography equipment could be banned from China.

即使是ASML较旧的光刻设备也可能对华禁售。

China could start producing its own lithography systems if it wants to become self-reliant.

如果中国想实现自力更生，可以开始生产自己的光刻系统。

However, analysts believe it would take China at least a decade to build its own equipment that could rival ASML's. 語法

然而，分析人士认为，中国至少需要十年时间才能制造出可以与ASML抗衡的自有设备。

ASML CEO Peter Wennink believes it will be difficult, 表達脈絡

ASML首席执行官Peter Wennink认为这将很困难，

but not impossible.

但并非不可能。

He says,

他说，

"I am not saying it cannot be done 語氣意圖

"我并不是说这做不到

because I know the laws of physics are the same in China as they are here." 語法

因为我知道中国的物理定律和这里是一样的。"

Never say never. 習語

永远不要说绝对不可能。

They will certainly try.

他们肯定会尝试的。

Sophisticated machines like a lithography system cannot be built without brilliant engineers who have mastered STEM. 語法

像光刻系统这样复杂的机器，没有掌握STEM的杰出工程师是造不出来的。

If you'd like to brush up on your math, 講解

如果你想复习你的数学，

science, and computer science skills,

科学和计算机科学技能，

Brilliant is a great way to learn interactively.

Brilliant是一个通过互动进行学习的好方法。

I use Brilliant myself to help improve my critical thinking skills

我自己也在使用Brilliant，来帮助提高我的批判性思维能力，

by going through their logic courses. 短語動詞

方法是学习他们的逻辑课程。

I've noticed my viewers especially love the computer science fundamentals course,

我注意到我的观众特别喜欢计算机科学基础课程，

where you can learn to program drones in an Amazon warehouse.

在那里你可以学习在亚马逊仓库中为无人机编程。

There's something for everyone.

总有一款适合你。

You can solve puzzles with science through their scientific thinking course,

你可以通过他们的科学思维课程用科学解决难题，

or practice everyday math by seeing numbers in a new light. 習語

或者通过用新的视角看待数字来练习日常数学。

There are no tests on Brilliant,

Brilliant上没有考试，

and it's for people of all experience levels,

它适合所有经验水平的人，

whether you're a student or already working. 語法

无论你是学生还是已经工作。

If you get stuck, 短語搭配

如果你卡住了，

you can view the explanation to see where you went wrong. 短語搭配

你可以查看解释以了解你哪里做错了。

Brilliant is free for you to try out 短語動詞

Brilliant可以免费试用，

if you head to the custom link in my description,

如果你点击我描述中的自定义链接，

brilliant.org/newsthink.

brilliant.org/newsthink。

And the first 200 people who sign up with my link 短語動詞

通过我的链接注册的前200人

will get 20% off Brilliant's annual premium subscription, 短語搭配

将获得Brilliant年度高级订阅20%的折扣，

which gives you access to all of the offerings, 短語搭配

这让你可以访问所有的内容，

including the most advanced courses.

包括最进阶的课程。

Thanks for watching.

感谢观看。

For NewsThink,

这里是NewsThink，

I'm Cindy Pom.

我是Cindy Pom。