是什么导致了经济衰退？ - 理查德·科芬：英语精读讲义

请用本课中表示“持续数千年”的短语完成句子：____, people have passed stories from one generation to the next.

请用 use 的过去完成进行时完成句子：The hospital ____ paper records for decades before the new system was introduced.

用表示“作为交换用的钱”的表达补全这句历史叙述：Salt was once used ____.

用本课中准确的转折结构补全过渡句：For generations, the village used the same farming method. ____ around 1950, ____.

哪句话能自然且正确地表示“危机后货币的经济价值下降了”？

1. There was a decline the value of the currency after the crisis.
2. The value of the currency declined after the crisis.
3. The crisis declined the value of the currency.

用 cause 的 -ing 形式补全表示结果的从句：The storm blocked the road, ____ long delays.

请用本讲解中的四词短语补全句子，以较审慎的方式使用现代标签：The village fund was ____ an emergency savings account today.

在一段演讲中，说话人先举了一个历史例子，然后问：“What causes recessions?” 这个问题在演讲中主要起什么作用？

1. 它结束这个主题，并表示后面不会回答。
2. 它引出下一部分将要解释的核心问题。
3. 它检查听众是否会拼写 recessions。

用本课中的完整正式表达补全句子：The use of gene editing ____ among medical ethicists.

在句子 "The trail closes during storms, and for good reason," 中，and for good reason 是什么意思？

1. 只有天气宜人时才会关闭步道。
2. 关闭步道是有充分理由的。
3. 关闭步道是为了让这条步道在道德上变好。

请用高亮短语完成句子，表示整体经济轻微走弱：The latest report describes a ____.

哪种情况最符合 long-lasting downturn with global ramifications？

1. 持续多年的经济低迷，扰乱多个国家的贸易和就业
2. 某家公司股价单日下跌，但没有产生更广泛的影响
3. 短暂的本地经济繁荣，带动支出增加

用表示两个端点之间任意时长的目标短语完成句子：The meeting may last ten minutes, three hours, or ____.

如果新事实让分析更复杂，但不一定让结果变得更糟，哪个衔接语最适合完成句子？The survey covers five countries. ___, each country used a different questionnaire.

1. In other words
2. Complicating matters further
3. To make matters worse

哪句话能自然表达“许多因素共同影响经济的整体状况”？

1. Many variables contribute the overall health of the economy.
2. Many variables contribute to the overall health of the economy.
3. Many variables are the overall health of the economy.

使用 make it difficult to do 的 -ing 结果形式和动词 pinpoint 完成句子：The evidence was incomplete, ____ the exact cause.

请用表示“先看整体会有帮助”的目标表达完成句子：Before we examine each cost, ____.

哪句话把某种情况作为通常因果关系中的发生条件？

1. System failures occurred during yesterday's communication test.
2. A system failure may occur if there is a break in communication.
3. System failures often occur when there is a break in communication.

用本课的目标短语完成句子：A stable market depends on the ____ supply and demand.

哪个句子最清楚地把三个分别指明的维度表达为一组不匹配关系？

1. There is a mismatch among the project team members.
2. There is a mismatch between what customers expect and what the team can deliver.
3. There is a mismatch between what customers expect, what the team can deliver, and the available budget.

在“The road was flooded, which delayed the buses,”中，which 指什么？

1. 指公交车
2. 指道路被淹这一整个情况
3. 仅指道路

请用 reflect 的双词形式补全句子，表示“可以从……中看出”：The team's improved preparation is ____ its performance.

银行提高哪一种比率会使新贷款的成本上升？

1. interest rate
2. inflation rate
3. exchange rate

使用 get + 形容词比较级完成句子，表达“变得更贵”：When demand rises, concert tickets often ____.

Put another way 在这里表示什么？

1. 说话人将提出一个相反的观点。
2. 说话人将用不同的方式重述同一个观点。
3. 说话人将引入一个无关的话题。

“Making a change isn't necessarily a bad thing”是什么意思？

1. 改变绝不可能带来问题。
2. 改变在某些情况下可能不好，但并非总是不好。
3. 所有改变都是好事。

哪一个接续句使用 In fact 添加具体事实，从而加强第一句话？

1. The library is useful. However, it offers free tutoring every afternoon.
2. The library is useful. In fact, it offers free tutoring every afternoon.
3. The library is useful. In fact, the train leaves from platform six.

用由 thought 构成的现在时被动引述短语补全句子：The new treatment ____ reduce recovery time, but more research is needed.

哪句话最自然地表达“价格快速上涨，但没有伴随更强的需求”？

1. The rapid price increase was not accompanied at stronger demand.
2. The rapid price increase was not accompanied by stronger demand.
3. The rapid price increase did not accompany by stronger demand.

哪句话正确使用 eventually lead to 来描述之后才出现的结果？

1. Ignoring the leak may eventually lead serious damage.
2. Ignoring the leak may eventually lead at serious damage.
3. Ignoring the leak may eventually lead to serious damage.

“Interest rates reflect the cost of taking on debt”是什么意思？

1. 利率决定所有商品和服务的价格。
2. 利率表明借钱的成本有多高。
3. 利率显示每个借款人已经偿还了多少钱。

请用 take on 的 -ing 形式和 debt 完成句子：During the slowdown, the company avoided ____.

在普通贷款关系中，哪项正确说明了这两个角色？

1. creditor 获得贷款并负有还款义务；borrower 有权收款。
2. 双方都是 borrower，因为资金发生了转移。
3. borrower 获得贷款并负有还款义务；creditor 有权收款。

用 can afford to + 动词 borrow 完成句子：Because interest rates fell, the company ____ more money.

请用表示目的的结构和 invest 后的正确介词完成句子：The town used the grant ____ safer bike lanes.

请用 slow 的正确形式完成表示结果的从句：The road closure diverted traffic downtown, ____ the morning commute for thousands of drivers.

用表示“帮助我们更深入地理解”的目标表达完成句子：The survey results can ____ why customers leave.

用目标习语完成问句：Why did Maya open the account ____?

哪一句中的 shock 使用了经济学含义？

1. The surprise party gave everyone a shock.
2. Touching a live wire can give you an electric shock.
3. A sudden oil shortage can create a supply shock.

用本课学到的短语完成句子，表明太阳能是一个具体实例：Some energy sources are affected by cloud cover. Solar power, ____, may produce less electricity on cloudy days.

哪个句子中的 commodities 表示在市场上交易的标准化基础资源？

1. The company launched three new commodities: a phone, an app, and a warranty.
2. The restaurant's commodities include table service and live music.
3. Crude oil and wheat are widely traded commodities.

哪个句子正确使用了 the supply side of the economy？

1. The supply side of the economy is the route goods take from a factory to a store.
2. Rising factory costs are putting pressure on the supply side of the economy.
3. Consumers' willingness to spend is the supply side of the economy.

一家酒店在节日期间要求客人为房间支付更高价格。哪个句子最自然？

1. The hotel pays more for rooms during the festival.
2. The hotel costs more for rooms during the festival.
3. The hotel charges more for rooms during the festival.

哪个句子中的 discourage 表示让人们更不可能购买？

1. Higher ticket prices may feel discouraged by demand for the event.
2. Higher ticket prices may discourage demand for the event.
3. Higher ticket prices may encourage demand for the event.

哪个句子使用了相同的论证方式：先给出积极的背景，再提出一个出人意料的可能原因？

1. Rapid expansion happened after the staffing shortage had been solved.
2. The staffing shortage appeared during rapid expansion, possibly even because of that expansion.
3. The staffing shortage ended before rapid expansion began.

将 reach an unsustainable level 变为过去时，完成句子：After months of overtime, the team's workload ____.

请填入准确表达“基于……这一假设”的英文短语：The company hired more staff ____ demand would keep growing.

哪句话正确表达“更好的规划将帮助团队应对新增的工作量”？

1. Better planning will help the team handle the added workload.
2. Better planning will help the team handles the added workload.
3. Better planning will help the team hold the added workload.

请用 as ... as expected 结构补全句子，表示增长速度可能低于预测：If enrollment doesn't increase ____, we will extend the deadline.

请使用 end up 和正确的后续词补全句子：Without a clear plan, we may ____ costs we cannot afford.

哪句话表示团队的工作量超出了它的处理能力？

1. The small team accepted as many projects as it could handle.
2. The small team accepted more projects than it could handle.
3. The small team accepted fewer projects than it could handle.

请将 pay、off 和 it 这三个词按正确顺序填入：Nina had a small loan balance, and she worked an extra shift to ____.

请用 redirect funds from A to B 结构完成句子：The council will ____ its public-events budget ____ emergency housing.

哪种情况属于 self-fulfilling prophecy？

1. 人们在一家银行已经停业后才得知它倒闭了。
2. 人们预期一家银行会倒闭，于是取走存款，而这些取款行为又帮助导致银行倒闭。
3. 天气预报员预测会下雨，而雨在没有任何人改变天气的情况下落下。

用放在持续进行的活动前、包含 pull back 的三个词完成句子：Because demand was weak, the company decided to ____ hiring.

哪个连接语最清楚地表明公司的行动是对前面事件的反应？

1. The supplier raised its prices. For example, the company looked for alternatives.
2. The supplier raised its prices. Meanwhile, the company looked for alternatives.
3. The supplier raised its prices. In response, the company looked for alternatives.

请按正确顺序使用 cut、operating 和 costs 完成句子：The retailer automated several tasks to ____.

请按正确顺序使用 weather、the 和 downturn 完成句子：A loyal customer base helped the café ____.

哪句话真正描述了 vicious cycle？

1. Lower sales led to layoffs, and reduced spending then hurt sales further, creating a vicious cycle.
2. A shop closed once because its lease ended.
3. A company lowered one price for a weekend.

哪句话把 cost cuts 用作名词短语和句子主语？

1. Managers discussed how to reduce costs.
2. The cost cuts affected employee training.
3. The company cuts costs to protect its budget.

哪项最准确地说明了这句话如何组织信息？

1. Even 表示这种政策是经济衰退的唯一原因。
2. Can contribute 表示这种政策一定会预防经济衰退。
3. Even 把这种政策标记为一个令人意外的潜在成因，而它原本正是为预防这个问题而制定的。

在 When times are tough 中，突出短语是什么意思？

1. 当日程安排在物理上很坚固时。
2. 当整体形势很困难时。
3. 当时间似乎过得很慢时。

用本课表示“增加货币供应量”的两个词完成英文句子：During a deep recession, a central bank may ____ to stimulate demand.

哪个选项正确区分了 central bank 和 commercial bank？

1. central bank 和 commercial bank：任何银行都可使用的两个可互换名称。
2. central bank：管理货币政策；commercial bank：主要向客户提供银行服务。
3. central bank：主要提供个人支票账户；commercial bank：制定国家货币政策。

请用一个意为“因果链中的下一步结果”的双词连接语完成句子：Better lighting makes streets feel safer, which ____ encourages more people to walk at night.

哪一句自然地用 effectively + -ing 表示实际结果，并用 to + 动词表示预期目的？

1. The city opened a new bus lane, efficiently shortening travel times to encourage more people to take the bus.
2. The city opened a new bus lane, effective shortening travel times to encouraging more people to take the bus.
3. The city opened a new bus lane, effectively shortening travel times to encourage more people to take the bus.

在经济讨论中，“The policy is not sustainable” 最可能是什么意思？

1. 它没有环境认证。
2. 它今天必须立刻结束。
3. 它无法长期继续，否则会带来严重的成本或问题。

请用 need、reverse 的被动形式和 to prevent 完成句子：The temporary schedule change may eventually ____ staff burnout.

在 have become too reliant on support 这一结构中，该表达传达了什么意思？

1. 依赖程度已经超过安全或合理的界限。
2. 所获得的支持随着时间推移变得更可靠了。
3. 存在依赖，但没有暗示风险或过度。

在这句话中，the adoption of iron helped revolutionize farming and food production 是什么意思？

1. 人们开始使用铁及相关技术，这推动了农业和粮食生产的重大变革。
2. 人们发现了一件铁器，仅凭它就彻底改变了粮食生产。
3. 某个家庭依法收养了一个叫 Iron 的东西，这改变了农业。

哪句话自然且正确地使用了 revolutionize？

1. The new process revolutionized how the factory produced batteries.
2. The new process was revolutionize battery production.
3. The new process revolutionized a minor color change.

用 make 的 -ing 结果形式完成句子：The new rules are more complex, ____ the system far more difficult to navigate.

请用目标表达 anticipate and respond to 完成句子：Better monitoring can help teams ____ emerging security threats.