安全与遗憾 —— 恐怖主义与大规模监控：英语精读讲义

Terrorism is very scary,

恐怖主义非常可怕，

especially when it happens close to home 習語

尤其是当它发生在我们身边

and not in some far away place.

而不是在某个遥远的地方时。

Nobody likes to be afraid

没有人喜欢恐惧，

and we were eager to make the fear go away. 語法

我们渴望消除这种恐惧。

So we demanded more security.

所以我们要求得到更多的安全保障。

In the last decade, it's become increasingly normal for civil liberties to be eroded 講解

在过去十年里，公民自由被侵蚀，

and for government agencies to spy on citizens, 短語動詞

政府机构监视公民，

to collect and store their personal information.

收集和存储他们的个人信息，变得越来越司空见惯。

Regardless of whether you're a fan of right or left-wing policies, 語法

无论你是右翼还是左翼政策的支持者，

This affects every one of us.

这都影响着我们每一个人。

So we have to take a look at the data 短語搭配

所以我们必须看看数据，

and ask ourselves honestly, 表達脈絡

然后诚实地问自己，

has all of this actually made us safer?

所有这一切真的让我们更安全了吗？

In the aftermath of 9/11, 短語搭配

在9/11事件之后，

the U.S. government concluded that the law had not kept pace with technology. 短語搭配

美国政府认为法律已经跟不上技术的步伐。

It created the Terrorist Surveillance Program, 文化背景

它设立了恐怖分子监视计划，

initially to intercept communications linked to Al Qaeda.

最初是为了拦截与基地组织有关的通信。

Officials were confident that if the program had been in place before 9/11, 語法

官员们自信地认为，如果该计划在9/11之前就已实施，

the hijackers could have been stopped.

劫机者本来是可以被阻止的。

But soon the new powers were also used to prove guilt by association. 習語

但很快，这些新权力也被用来进行连坐定罪。

The FBI used immigration records to identify Arab and Muslim foreign nationals in the U.S.

联邦调查局（FBI）利用移民记录识别在美的阿拉伯和穆斯林外籍人士。

On this basis, 80,000 individuals were required to register,

在此基础上，8万人被要求登记，

another 8,000 were called in for FBI interviews, 短語動詞

另外8千人被叫去接受FBI面试，

and more than 5,000 locked up in preventive detention. 講解

还有超过5千人被预防性拘留。

Not one terrorist was found 語法

结果一个恐怖分子也没找到，

in what's been called the most aggressive national campaign of ethnic profiling 用詞

这被称为最激进的针对特定种族的全国性行动，

since World War II.

自二战以来还是头一次。

How commonplace it's since become for government agencies to collect and store the personal data of citizens

政府机构收集和存储公民个人数据的做法后来变得多么普遍，

was made plain by the leak of the Snowden documents in 2013. 講解

在2013年斯诺登文件泄露后变得显而易见。

They showed how the NSA can demand information about users

这些文件显示了美国国家安全局（NSA）如何要求

from firms like Microsoft or Google in addition to their daily collection of data from civilian internet traffic,

微软或谷歌等公司提供用户信息，此外他们还每天从民用互联网流量中收集数据，

such as email content and contact lists.

比如电子邮件内容和联系人列表。

So instead of focusing on criminals,

所以，政府不是将重点放在罪犯身上，

governments are increasingly turning their attention to everyone. 短語搭配

而是越来越多地将注意力转向每个人。

But if you're looking for a needle in a haystack, 習語

但是，如果你想在大海里捞针，

adding more hay to the stack isn't going to make it any easier to find the needle.

往海里加更多的水并不会让这根针更容易找到。

On the contrary, every recent success announced by the NSA 表達脈絡

相反，NSA最近宣布的每一次成功，

has come from classic target surveillance.

都来自于经典的目标监控。

Despite high hopes, the NSA surveillance program has not stopped any major terror attack. 語法

尽管寄予厚望，NSA的监控项目并没有阻止任何重大的恐怖袭击。

For instance, one of the Boston Marathon bombers

例如，波士顿马拉松爆炸案的其中一名炸弹袭击者，

was already a target of the FBI.

早就已经是FBI的目标。

So what we need is not even more random data, 語法

所以我们需要的不是更多随机的数据，

but better ways to understand and use the information we have.

而是更好的方法来理解和使用我们已有的信息。

Spy agencies are also pushing to cripple encryption. 用詞

间谍机构也在推动破坏加密技术。

In early 2016, the FBI asked Apple to produce a back-door program 用詞

2016年初，FBI要求苹果公司制作一个后门程序，

to disable the encryption of a terrorist's iPhone.

以破解一名恐怖分子iPhone的加密。

Apple publicly declined,

苹果公开拒绝了，

not only because this tool could be used to permanently weaken the privacy of law-abiding citizens worldwide,

不仅因为这个工具可能会被用来永久性削弱全球守法公民的隐私，

but fearing to open the floodgates for governments requesting access to a technology used by billions of people. 習語

而且因为他们害怕这会打开潘多拉的魔盒，让政府能够访问数十亿人使用的技术。

A fear shared by security experts and cryptographers. 表達脈絡

这种担忧也得到了安全专家和密码学家的认同。

A few weeks later, the FBI revealed that they had hacked the phone themselves,

几周后，FBI透露他们自己黑进了那部手机，

basically admitting that they lied to the public about the need for a back-door,

这基本上承认了他们在需要后门的问题上对公众撒了谎，

which questions how trustworthy spy agencies are in the debate about privacy and security.

这让人质疑间谍机构在关于隐私和安全的辩论中有多值得信任。

Especially considering that the NSA, for example, 表達脈絡

尤其是考虑到NSA，例如，

already has the capability to turn on your iPhone microphone

已经有能力在你不知情的情况下打开你iPhone的麦克风，

or activate your laptop camera without you noticing. 語法

或者激活你笔记本电脑的摄像头。

Concerns about this are often met with the argument, 短語搭配

对此的担忧往往会遇到这样的反驳：

if you have nothing to hide, you have nothing to fear. 表達脈絡

如果你没什么可隐瞒的，你就不需要害怕。

But this reasoning only creates a climate of oppression. 習語

但这种推理只会制造一种压迫的氛围。

wanting to keep certain parts of your life private 語法

想要保留你生活中某些部分的隐私，

doesn't mean you're doing anything wrong.

并不意味着你在做任何错事。

Right now, we live in a democracy.

现在，我们生活在一个民主社会。

But imagine the damage the wrong person could do with all our data

但想象一下，如果别有用心的人拥有我们所有的数据，

and such easy access to our devices.

并且能轻易访问我们的设备，会造成多么大的破坏。

Anti-terrorism laws allow the authorities to investigate and punish non-terrorism related crimes more aggressively.

反恐法允许当局更积极地调查和惩罚与恐怖主义无关的犯罪。

If you give law enforcement powerful tools, they will use them. 語法

如果你给执法部门强大的工具，他们就会使用。

That's why democratic oversight is so important.

这就是为什么民主监督如此重要。

Even if those tools and laws aren't used against you today, 語法

即使今天这些工具和法律没有被用来针对你，

they might be tomorrow.

明天它们可能就会。

For example, following the November 2015 Paris attacks,

例如，在2015年11月巴黎恐怖袭击之后，

France expanded its already extensive anti-terrorism laws

法国扩大了本来就已广泛的反恐法，

by giving law enforcement greater powers to conduct house raids 短語搭配

赋予执法部门更大的权力来进行挨家挨户的搜查，

and place people under house arrest. 短語搭配

并将人们软禁在家。

Within weeks, evidence emerged that these powers were being used for unintended purposes, 短語搭配

几周内就有证据表明，这些权力被用于非预期目的，

such as quashing climate change protests. 用詞

比如镇压气候变化抗议活动。

The governments of Spain, Hungary, and Poland have introduced more restrictive laws on the freedom of assembly and speech. 用詞

西班牙、匈牙利和波兰的政府出台了关于集会和言论自由更严格的法律。

Freedom of expression and the press in Turkey has been seriously undermined in the last few years,

过去几年里，土耳其的言论和新闻自由遭到严重破坏，

with people sentenced to prison for criticizing the government. 語法

人们因为批评政府而被判入狱。

None of this is effectively helping us fight terrorism.

这些都不能有效地帮助我们打击恐怖主义。

The motivation behind this might be good, even noble,

其背后的动机可能是好的，甚至是高尚的，

but if we let our elected governments limit our personal freedom, 語法

但如果我们让我们选举出来的政府限制我们的个人自由，

the terrorists are winning.

那么恐怖分子就赢了。

What's worse, if we're not careful, 表達脈絡

更糟糕的是，如果我们不小心，

we might slowly move towards a surveillance state. 用詞

我们可能会慢慢走向一个监控国家。

The data is pretty clear.

数据非常清楚。

The erosion of rights along with mass surveillance 語法

权利的侵蚀加上大规模监控，

hasn't led to significant successes so far,

至今并未取得重大成功，

but it has changed the nature of our society.

但它改变了我们社会的本质。

Terrorism is a complicated problem

恐怖主义是一个复杂的问题，

without simple solutions.

没有简单的解决办法。

No security apparatus can prevent a few guys from building a bomb in their basement. 語法

任何安全机构都无法阻止几个人在地下室里制造炸弹。

We should keep the principle of proportionality in mind. 用詞

我们应该记住相称性原则。

Creating master keys to enter millions of phones

制造万能钥匙来进入数百万部手机，

is not the same as searching a single house. 語法

与搜查一所房子是不同的。

In most countries, the law already permits a wide range of actions, including targeted surveillance.

在大多数国家，法律已经允许广泛的行动，包括有针对性的监控。

To take full advantage of this existing potential, 短語搭配

为了充分利用这一现有潜力，

we need better international cooperation

我们需要更好的国际合作，

and more effective security and foreign policies.

以及更有效的安全和外交政策。

Better application of our present laws,

更好地应用我们现有的法律，

instead of new and stricter ones that undermine our freedom.

而不是制定破坏我们自由的更严格的新法律。

Let us not, out of fear, 語氣意圖

让我们不要因为恐惧，

destroy what we are most proud of,

摧毁我们最引以为傲的东西：

democracy and our fundamental rights and liberties. 用詞

民主以及我们的基本权利和自由。

This video was made possible

本视频的制作得以实现，

by your support on patreon.com

感谢您在 patreon.com

and the European Liberties Platform,

以及欧洲自由平台（European Liberties Platform），

liberties.eu.

liberties.eu 的支持。