这段视频在哪里？：英语精读讲义

Hey,

嘿，

Vsauce.

Vsauce。

Michael here.

我是 Michael。

Steve Seitz and Chuck Dyer

Steve Seitz 和 Chuck Dyer

used view morphing to digitally reveal a side of the Mona Lisa we've never seen before. 用詞

利用视图变形技术，以数字方式展现了《蒙娜丽莎》从未被我们看到过的一面。

What it would look like if she stared directly at us. 語法

也就是她直视我们时会是什么样子。

That's her,

这就是她，

but it seems a bit unfamiliar.

但看起来有点陌生。

I mean, there is only one iconic view of the Mona Lisa.

我是说，《蒙娜丽莎》只有一个深入人心的经典视角。

There's only one physical object you can look at

只有一件真实存在的实物可供你观看，

to say that you saw the Mona Lisa with your own eyes. 短語搭配

让你能说自己亲眼见过《蒙娜丽莎》。

Photographs exist.

照片是有的。

There are copies you can also look at.

你也可以看各种复制品。

There are forgeries.

还有赝品。

There are parodies,

也有戏仿之作，

but the true original Mona Lisa is in the Louvre.

但真正的《蒙娜丽莎》原作就在卢浮宫。

That's where it is.

它就在那里。

But where is this video?

可这段视频在哪里？

Seriously,

说真的，

where is this video?

这段视频究竟在哪里？

I mean, it's on your screen right now,

我是说，它现在就在你的屏幕上，

but it's also on a lot of other screens.

但它也同时出现在许多其他屏幕上。

Where's the original?

那原版在哪里？

Well, it's stored on YouTube servers,

嗯，它存储在 YouTube 的服务器上，

and the original export is on my hard drive,

最初导出的文件也在我的硬盘里，

but those are just instructions for making the video.

但那些都只是生成这段视频的指令。

This video is anywhere.

这段视频无处不在。

Every stream, every viewing of this video is, as Bill Thompson would say,

正如 Bill Thompson 所说，这段视频的每一次流式播放、每一次观看，

a digital simulacrum of something that has no original. 用詞

都是某种根本没有原作之物的数字拟像。

So,

所以，

how does a museum curator or an archaeologist deal with this?

博物馆策展人或考古学家要怎么处理这种东西呢？

Well,

嗯，

they are rethinking curating.

他们正在重新思考“策展”这件事。

I mean,

我是说，

take a look at this sculpture. 短語搭配

看看这件雕塑。

The distance from this sentence to your eye is my sculpture.

从这句话到你眼睛之间的距离，就是我的雕塑。

That's pretty cool,

这很酷，

but how do you put something like that in a museum?

但要怎么把这样的东西放进博物馆呢？

This sculpture and this video can be endlessly copied,

这件雕塑和这段视频都可以被无限复制，

and every version is made out of different stuff at different times. 短語動詞

而且每个版本都在不同时间由不同的东西构成。

A bit like your body.

这有点像你的身体。

Yeah, there's an identity crisis going on. 用詞

没错，一场身份危机正在上演。

As I've discussed before, 表達脈絡

正如我之前谈过的，

every few years nearly all of your atoms are replaced.

每隔几年，你身上几乎所有原子都会被替换。

Old ones leave,

旧的离开，

new ones come in.

新的进来。

Where is the original you?

原本的你在哪里？

Like this video,

和这段视频一样，

you are really just the result of a set of instructions being followed. 短語搭配

你其实只是一套指令被执行后产生的结果。

And in our case,

而对我们来说，

interestingly,

有意思的是，

those instructions are kind of forgeries. 語氣意圖

这些指令本身也算是仿本。

The $12 million stuffed shark is a great book about the art world.

《价值1200万美元的鲨鱼标本》是一本讲艺术界的好书。

It mentions that at one point in history,

书中提到，在历史上的某个时期，

there were 600 Rembrandts hanging in museums

博物馆里挂着600幅“伦勃朗”，

and 350 Rembrandts in private collections.

私人收藏中还有350幅“伦勃朗”。

The only problem is, 表達脈絡

唯一的问题是，

Rembrandt scholars say that Rembrandt only ever made 320 paintings.

研究伦勃朗的学者说，他一生总共只画了320幅画。

Mistaken identity,

身份误认、

forgeries,

赝品

and phonies have been around for a long time. 短語搭配

和冒牌货已经存在很久了。

In 1496,

1496年，

a young Michelangelo,

年轻的米开朗基罗，

the same Michelangelo that painted this,

也就是画了这幅作品的那位米开朗基罗，

forged a statue.

伪造了一尊雕像。

He treated the statue with acid to make it look not like his own work, 語法

他用酸处理雕像，让它看起来不像自己的作品，

but like the work of ancient Greeks or Romans,

而像古希腊人或古罗马人的作品，

so he could sell it for more money. 語法

这样就能卖出更高的价钱。

Uh But really,

呃，不过说真的，

what's wrong with a forgery? 短語搭配

赝品到底有什么不好？

I mean,

我是说，

sure,

当然，

supporting forgeries is like supporting plagiarism,

支持赝品就像支持抄袭，

but as far as intrinsic aesthetic properties go, 短語搭配

但如果只看作品本身的审美属性，

what's the difference?

又有什么区别呢？

Whether painted by da Vinci or a dog 語法

无论它出自达·芬奇还是一条狗之手，

or copied perfectly by a robot,

又或者由机器人完美复制，

wouldn't the Mona Lisa smile just as mysteriously and coolly?

《蒙娜丽莎》的微笑不都一样神秘又酷吗？

Well,

嗯，

here's the thing. 表達脈絡

关键在这里。

We feel like the original,

我们总觉得那幅原作，

the Mona Lisa da Vinci originally made,

也就是达·芬奇最初创作的《蒙娜丽莎》，

has an aura about it. 習語

带着一种独特的灵光。

As Richard Wiseman discussed in Quirkology,

Richard Wiseman 在《怪诞心理学》中谈过这个问题，

a great book,

那是一本很棒的书。

psychologist Paul Rozin once studied just how obsessed we are with relics, 語法

心理学家 Paul Rozin 曾研究过，我们究竟有多迷恋遗物，

things important merely because of their auras.

也就是那些仅仅因为带有某种“灵光”才显得重要的东西。

He found that people were more willing to wear a sweater that had been dropped in dog poop 語法

他发现，人们宁愿穿一件掉进过狗屎里的毛衣，

than they were to wear a sweater they'd been told was once owned by a mass murderer.

也不愿穿一件据说曾属于大规模杀人犯的毛衣。

We are influenced by auras.

我们会受到这种灵光的影响。

Right now,

此时此刻，

I am in Mougins,

我正在 Mougins，

a city in southeastern France where Picasso died.

这是法国东南部的一座城市，也是毕加索去世的地方。

On one occasion, 表達脈絡

有一次，

Picasso refused to sign a painting he knew he had painted saying,

毕加索拒绝在一幅明知是自己画的画上签名，并说道：

"I can paint a fake Picasso just like anybody else." 用詞

“我也能像任何人一样，画出一幅假毕加索。”

You can disown your own paintings,

你可以不认自己的画，

and you can disown your children,

也可以不认自己的孩子，

but you can claim to have created your own paintings, 語法

可你能声称自己的画是由你创作的，

but can you really claim to have created your own children?

但你真能声称自己的孩子也是由你创造的吗？

Let's explore a metaphor. 表達脈絡

我们用一个比喻来想想。

Your mother is a 3D printer that printed you. 習語

你的母亲就像一台把你打印出来的3D打印机。

But hold on, 語氣意圖

不过，先等等，

your parents conceived you and curated you, 習語

你的父母孕育了你，也塑造了你，

cared for you,

还照顾你，

but the actual blueprints that made you were outside of their conscious control. 短語搭配

但真正造就你的蓝图并不受他们的意识控制。

Your blueprint is a forgery.

你的蓝图是一份仿本。

It has been copied,

它一直被复制，

replicated over and over again ever since the very first group of molecules 短語搭配

从最早的那一组分子起，就一遍又一遍地复制；这些分子

were arranged in a way that automatically replicated billions and billions of years ago.

在数十亿年前排列成了一种能够自动复制的结构。

It's not a perfect forgery.

它并不是一份完美的仿本。

Changes occur every time,

每次都会发生变化，

making successive copies a little bit different, 語法

让一代代复制品略有不同，

but 99.9% of your DNA isn't different from anyone else's. 語法

但你有99.9%的DNA都和其他任何人没有区别。

Now,

现在，

you might say, 語氣意圖

你或许会说：

"But wait, Michael,

“等等，Michael，

we all look so different."

我们每个人明明长得很不一样啊。”

Kind of, 語氣意圖

算是吧，

but that's also because your brain is

但这也因为你的大脑

particularly good at recognizing differences amongst things that you are familiar with.

特别善于识别你熟悉的事物之间的差异。

It's called the cross-race effect, 文化背景

这叫作“跨种族效应”，

and it's the reason new twins you've never met before

所以，一对你从未见过的双胞胎

look totally the same until you get used to them. 語法

在你熟悉他们之前，看起来完全一模一样。

It's the reason people from a culture you're not used to

也正因如此，来自你不熟悉的文化背景的人

tend to be more difficult to distinguish. 語法

往往更难被你区分开来。

And the reason,

同样也是为什么，

say,

比如说，

a big group of black labs you've never met before

一大群你从未见过的黑色拉布拉多犬

all kind of look like the same black lab.

看起来都像是同一条黑色拉布拉多犬。

We all have a common descendant,

我们都有一个共同的祖先，

a common person our DNA has been replicated from over and over again,

也就是同一个人，我们的DNA从他那里被一次又一次地复制下来，

making us, in a funny way,

所以从一个有趣的角度来看，我们

a big bunch of forgeries.

就是一大群仿制品。

Go back 50 forgeries ago, 表達脈絡

往前追溯50代仿制品，

50 generations ago,

也就是50代人，

and that's enough to connect every single human living on Earth. 語法

就足以把地球上每一个活着的人联系起来。

I've said this before,

我以前说过，

you are at least 50th cousins with everyone else living on the planet today.

你和今天生活在这个星球上的所有人，至少都是第五十代表亲。

But we can go back further than that, 短語動詞

但我们还可以追溯得更远，

as Guy Murchie famously did.

就像 Guy Murchie 那段著名的推演一样。

You see, 表達脈絡

你看，

animal populations and even molecule populations

动物种群，甚至分子群体，

experience replication, variation, 用詞

都会经历复制、变异

and selective pressures,

和选择压力，

which means you are trillionth cousins 表達脈絡

这意味着，你是相隔万亿代的表亲

with all life on Earth,

——和地球上的所有生命之间都是如此；

and technically speaking, 表達脈絡

严格来说，

quadrillionth cousins

你还是相隔千万亿代的表亲

with water and trees and rocks.

——和水、树木以及岩石之间都是如此。

It's a beautiful notion,

这是个美丽的想法，

but it's anything but new. 習語

但它一点也不新鲜。

The word human comes from a word for soil.

“human”这个词源自一个表示“土壤”的词。

And compare the Hebrew word for ground

再把希伯来语中表示“大地”的词

with their name for the first man.

和他们对第一个人的称呼比较一下。

You are quadrillionth cousins 表達脈絡

你是千万亿代表亲——

with dirt,

泥土的表亲，

with rocks,

岩石的表亲，

with trees,

树木的表亲，

with plastic,

塑料的表亲，

with the very clothing you are wearing right now.

甚至是你此刻身上这件衣服的表亲。

So,

所以，

whether you're fighting with a stranger in a bar 語法

无论你是在酒吧里跟陌生人打架，

or stubbing your toe on a rock,

还是脚趾撞上了石头，

it's all just a family squabble. 習語

都不过是一场家庭内讧。

And as always,

一如既往，

thanks for watching.

感谢收看。

Oh, hey,

哦，嘿，

you're still there.

你还在啊。

This is great

太好了，

because I have some really cool news.

因为我有个特别酷的消息。

Vsauce was just nominated for a Webby

Vsauce 刚刚获得了 Webby 奖提名，

in the News and Information category.

入围的是“新闻与信息”类别。

It's a really big honor,

这真是莫大的荣誉，

and I want to thank you guys for making this possible.

我要感谢大家，是你们让这一切成为可能。

You can be a Vsaucer

现在，你也可以成为一名 Vsaucer，

in a whole new way now

而且是以一种全新的方式：

by voting for Vsauce in the Webbys.

在 Webby 奖评选中为 Vsauce 投票。

Just follow the link at the top of this video's description.

只要点击这段视频简介顶部的链接。

All the nominees,

所有入围者，

by the way, 表達脈絡

顺便说一句，

are great.

都非常棒。

It's great that the universe has these channels,

这个宇宙里能有这些频道，真是太好了，

so check all of them out.

所以每一个都去看看吧。

And as always,

一如既往，

thanks for watching.

感谢收看。