如何识谱 - 蒂姆·汉森：英语精读讲义

When we watch a film or a play,

当我们看电影或话剧时，

we know that the actors probably learned their lines from a script, 短語搭配

我们知道演员们可能都是从剧本上背下了台词，

which essentially tells them what to say and when to say it. 語法

剧本本质上告诉了他们该说什么以及什么时候说。

A piece of written music operates on exactly the same principle. 短語搭配

写下来的乐谱也遵循着完全相同的原理。

In a very basic sense, 表達脈絡

从最基本的层面来说，

it tells a performer what to play and when to play it.

它告诉演奏者该弹什么以及什么时候弹。

Aesthetically speaking, 表達脈絡

从美学角度来说，

there's a world of difference between, say, 習語

比如说，以下两者有天壤之别：

Beethoven and Justin Bieber,

贝多芬和贾斯汀·比伯，

but both artists have used the same building blocks to create their music, 習語

但这两位艺术家使用了相同的基本元素来创作他们的音乐，

notes.

即音符。

And although the end result can sound quite complicated, 語法

虽然最终的结果听起来可能相当复杂，

the logic behind musical notes is actually pretty straightforward.

但音符背后的逻辑其实非常简单明了。

Let's take a look at the foundational elements to music notation 短語搭配

让我们来看看音乐记谱法的基础元素，

and how they interact to create a work of art.

以及它们如何相互作用以创造出艺术品。

Music is written on five parallel lines that go across the page.

音乐写在横跨页面的五条平行线上。

These five lines are called a staff, 文化背景

这五条线被称为五线谱，

and a staff operates on two axes, 短語搭配

五线谱有两个轴，

up and down and left to right.

上下轴和左右轴。

The up and down axis tells the performer the pitch of the note, 文化背景

上下轴告诉演奏者音符的音高，

or what note to play,

或者说该弹哪个音，

and the left to right axis tells the performer the rhythm of the note, 文化背景

左右轴则告诉演奏者音符的节奏，

or when to play it.

或者说什么时候弹。

Let's start with pitch.

我们先从音高说起。

To help us out, 短語搭配

为了帮助理解，

we're going to use a piano,

我们将使用钢琴，

but this system works for pretty much any instrument you can think of. 用詞

但这个系统几乎适用于你能想到的任何乐器。

In the Western music tradition, 文化背景

在西方音乐传统中，

pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, 短語搭配

音高是以字母表的前七个字母命名的，

A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.

A、B、C、D、E、F 和 G。

After that, the cycle repeats itself.

在那之后，这个循环会重复。

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and so on. 短語搭配

A、B、C、D、E、F、G、A、B、C、D、E、F、G，依此类推。

But how do these pitches get their names?

但这些音高是如何得名的呢？

Well, for example,

嗯，举个例子，

if you played an F and then played another F higher or lower on the piano, 語法

如果你在钢琴上弹了一个 F 音，然后再弹一个更高或更低的 F 音，

you'd notice that they sound pretty similar compared to say a B.

你会发现它们听起来非常相似，而和 B 音相比就截然不同。

Going back to the staff, 表達脈絡

回到五线谱，

every line and every space between two lines represents a separate pitch. 用詞

每一条线和两条线之间的每一个间都代表一个独立的音高。

If we put a note on one of these lines or in one of these spaces,

如果我们把音符放在其中一条线或其中一个间里，

we're telling a performer to play that pitch.

我们就是在告诉演奏者弹奏那个音高。

The higher up on the staff a note is placed, 語法

音符在五线谱上的位置越高，

the higher the pitch.

音高就越高。

But there are obviously many, many more pitches than the nine that these lines and spaces give us.

但显然，音高远不止这些线和间给我们的九个。

A grand piano,

一架三角钢琴，

for example,

举例来说，

can play 88 separate notes.

可以弹出88个不同的音符。

So, how do we condense 88 notes onto a single staff? 用詞

那么，我们如何将88个音符浓缩到一个五线谱上呢？

We use something called a clef. 短語搭配

我们使用一种叫做谱号的东西。

A clef is a weird-looking figure placed at the very beginning of the staff,

谱号是一个放在五线谱最开头的奇怪图形，

and it acts like a reference point 短語搭配

它就像一个参考点，

telling you that a particular line or space

告诉你某一条特定的线或间

corresponds to a specific note on your instrument. 短語搭配

对应于你乐器上的一个特定音符。

If we want to play notes that aren't on the staff,

如果我们想弹奏五线谱上没有的音符，

we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines called ledger lines 講解

我们可以取个巧，画出额外的短线，称为加线，

and place the notes on them.

然后把音符放在上面。

If we have to draw so many ledger lines that it gets confusing, 語法

如果我们要画的加线太多导致看起来很混乱，

then we need to change to a different clef.

那么我们就需要换用不同的谱号。

As for telling a performer when to play the notes, 表達脈絡

至于告诉演奏者什么时候弹奏音符，

two main elements control this,

有两个主要元素控制着这一点，

the beat,

拍子，

and the rhythm.

和节奏。

The beat of a piece of music is,

一段音乐的拍子，

by itself, 短語搭配

本身来说，

kind of boring.

有些无聊。

It sounds like this.

它听起来像这样。

Notice that it doesn't change.

注意它是不变的。

It just plugs along quite happily. 習語

它只是自顾自地往前走。

It can go slow

它可以很慢，

or fast

或者很快，

or whatever you like,

或者任何你喜欢的速度，

really.

真的。

The point is that,

关键在于，

just like the secondhand on a clock 表達脈絡

就像时钟上的秒针

divides 1 minute into 60 seconds,

把1分钟分成60秒，

with each second just as long as every other second, 語法

每一秒的长度都和其他秒一样长，

the beat divides a piece of music 短語搭配

拍子也将一段音乐分割成

into little fragments of time

一个个小的时间片段，

that are all the same length.

它们长度都一样。

Beats.

这就是拍子。

With a steady beat as a foundation, 表達脈絡

有了稳定的拍子作为基础，

we can start adding rhythm to our pitches,

我们就可以开始为我们的音高添加节奏，

and that's when music really starts to happen. 習語

这时音乐才真正开始出现。

This is a quarter note.

这是一个四分音符。

It's the most basic unit of rhythm,

它是最基本的节奏单位，

and it's worth 1 beat. 用詞

它等于1拍。

This is a half note,

这是一个二分音符，

and it's worth 2 beats.

它等于2拍。

This whole note here is worth 4 beats,

这里的全音符等于4拍，

and these little guys are eighth notes 語氣意圖

而这些小家伙是八分音符，

worth half a beat each.

每个等于半拍。

Great, you say. 表達脈絡

很好，你可能会说。

What does that mean?

这是什么意思呢？

You might have noticed that across the length of a staff, 語氣意圖

你可能已经注意到，在五线谱的长度上，

there are little lines dividing it into small sections.

有些短线将其划分成了小段落。

These are bar lines,

这些是小节线，

and we refer to each section as a bar. 短語搭配

我们把每一个段落称为一个小节。

At the beginning of a piece of music,

在一首乐曲的开头，

just after the clef,

就在谱号后面，

is something called the time signature, 文化背景

有一种叫做拍号的东西，

which tells the performer how many beats are in each bar. 語法

它告诉演奏者每个小节有多少拍。

This says there are two beats in each bar.

这表示每小节有两拍。

This says there are three.

这表示有三拍。

This one four.

这个表示四拍。

And so on.

依此类推。

The bottom number tells us what kind of note is to be used as the basic unit for the beat. 語法

下面的数字告诉我们哪种音符要作为拍子的基本单位。

One corresponds to a whole note,

1 对应全音符，

two to a half note,

2 对应二分音符，

four to a quarter note,

4 对应四分音符，

and eight to an eighth note,

8 对应八分音符，

and so on.

依此类推。

So, this time signature here

所以，这里的拍号

tells us that there are four quarter notes in each bar.

告诉我们每小节有四个四分音符。

1, 2, 3, 4,

1、2、3、4，

1, 2, 3, 4,

1、2、3、4，

and so on.

依此类推。

But like I said before, 表達脈絡

但正如我前面说过的，

if we just stick to the beat, 短語動詞

如果我们只坚持拍子，

it gets kind of boring.

就会变得有些无聊。

So, we'll replace some quarter notes with different rhythms.

所以，我们将用不同的节奏替换一些四分音符。

Notice that even though the number of notes in each bar has changed, 語法

请注意，即使每小节里的音符数量改变了，

the total number of beats in each bar hasn't.

每小节的总拍数并没有变。

So,

那么，

what does our musical creation sound like?

我们的音乐创作听起来会是什么样呢？

Sounds okay,

听起来还可以，

but maybe a bit thin, right? 語氣意圖

但可能有些单薄，对吧？

Let's add another instrument with its own pitch and rhythm.

我们再加一种拥有自己音高和节奏的乐器吧。

Now, it's sounding like music.

现在，这听起来像音乐了。

Sure, it takes some practice to get used to reading it quickly 語法

当然，要习惯快速读谱还需要一些练习，

and playing what we see on our instrument,

并在我们的乐器上弹奏出我们看到的内容，

but with a bit of time and patience, 短語搭配

但只要多花点时间和耐心，

you could be the next Beethoven 習語

你可能就会成为下一个贝多芬，

or Justin Bieber.

或者是贾斯汀·比伯。