驳斥反疫苗者：英语精读讲义

The number of people against vaccinating themselves and their children has surged in recent years 語法

近年来，拒绝给自己和孩子接种疫苗的人数激增，

and it can be frustrating listening to their claims. 語法

而听他们的种种说法，难免让人感到恼火。

So we wanted to debunk and deconstruct the most common arguments one by one 講解

所以，我们想逐一驳斥并剖析最常见的论点，

to help you prepare and present the facts

帮你做好准备、摆出事实，

in your next encounter with an anti-vaxxer. 用詞

以便下次遇到反疫苗人士时从容应对。

Why I do not vaccinate my kids?

我为什么不给孩子打疫苗？

Blog entry 189.

博客第189篇。

Vaccines contain MSG, antifreeze, phenol, formaldehyde,

疫苗中含有味精、防冻液、苯酚、甲醛、

aluminum, lead, and mercury.

铝、铅和汞。

It's true, vaccines contain chemicals.

没错，疫苗确实含有化学物质。

Vaccines have contained mercury, aluminum, and formaldehyde,

疫苗中确实含有汞、铝和甲醛，

ingredients that can be toxic.

而这些成分可能具有毒性。

What else can be toxic?

还有什么也可能有毒？

Water, given a large enough dose, 語法

只要剂量足够大，水也会有毒，

and same goes for apples, coffee, 短語搭配

苹果和咖啡也一样，

or too much of anything, to be honest.

说实话，任何东西过量都可能有毒。

The dose makes the poison, 習語

剂量决定毒性，

and the doses of the chemicals in vaccines are negligible.

而疫苗中这些化学物质的剂量微乎其微。

For example, vaccines that include aluminum, which is included to make the vaccine more effective,

比如，有些疫苗为了提高效力而添加了铝，

contain about 0.125 mg per dose,

每剂约含0.125毫克，

but the average person actually takes in an estimated 30 to 50 mg every day 短語動詞

但据估算，普通人每天实际会摄入30至50毫克铝，

through food and drink.

而这些铝都是通过饮食摄入的。

That's way more than one vaccination on a daily basis. 用詞

这远远超过一剂疫苗中的含量，而且是每天如此。

And while some people warn about the presence of mercury-containing compounds like thimerosal,

尽管有人警告说，疫苗中含有硫柳汞等含汞化合物，

a vaccine preservative to prevent bacterial growth,

硫柳汞是一种用于防止细菌滋生的疫苗防腐剂，

it's actually been removed from almost all childhood vaccines since 2001. 語法

但其实从2001年起，它已从几乎所有儿童疫苗中移除。

This was done to ease public concern, 短語搭配

这样做是为了缓解公众的担忧，

even though no literature suggests it's harmful at doses present in vaccines. 表達脈絡

尽管没有任何文献表明，疫苗中这种剂量的硫柳汞会造成伤害。

As a granola parent, 用詞

作为一名崇尚天然生活的家长，

my kids get everything natural.

我家孩子吃的、用的全是天然的。

Quinoa crackers over Ritz any day. 語氣意圖

藜麦饼干可比Ritz饼干强多了。

Because can't we just all agree that the natural route is better? 講解

毕竟，我们难道不能都认同天然的方式更好吗？

So just let your child's immune system develop naturally

所以，就让孩子的免疫系统自然发育吧，

and save them a lifetime of pain.

让他们免受一辈子的痛苦。

Vaccines introduce a weakened form of the germ to your body

疫苗会把经过弱化的病原体引入人体，

so that the immune system can learn to recognize it. 語法

让免疫系统学会识别它。

Your body then builds its defenses, 習語

随后，身体会建立防御机制，

so it's prepared to fight off a real attack later. 短語動詞

这样日后真正的病原体来袭时，就能做好抵抗准备。

And it's true, naturally,

的确，在自然情况下，

newborn babies are immune to several diseases

新生儿对几种疾病具有免疫力，

because of the antibodies they receive from their mother's breast milk

因为他们会从母乳中获得抗体，

and the thousands of germs we're exposed to from the moment we're born, 短語搭配

也因为我们从出生那一刻起就会接触成千上万种病菌，

but vaccines cover the diseases you don't have immunity against. 語法

但疫苗针对的是你尚无免疫力的疾病。

It's why we don't vaccinate for every single disease possible,

所以，我们不会针对所有可能的疾病都接种疫苗，

just those which are most dangerous.

只接种那些最危险疾病的疫苗。

And children are given shots at a young age

孩子之所以在年幼时接种疫苗，

because this is when they're at the highest risk of getting sick or dying. 短語搭配

是因为这个阶段患病或死亡的风险最高。

But what about allergies?

但过敏怎么办？

My second cousin Lisa got her kids vaccinated

我的远房表亲Lisa给她的孩子们打了疫苗，

and now they have a peanut allergy.

结果他们现在都对花生过敏。

I don't want my baby to get allergies.

我可不想让我的宝宝也患上过敏症。

In 1997,

1997年，

people began to question whether there was a connection between vaccines and allergies. 語法

人们开始质疑疫苗与过敏之间是否存在关联。

And then a study of 2100 participants ages 5 to 6

随后，一项针对2100名5至6岁儿童的研究

found that vaccines actually have the opposite effect

发现，疫苗的作用其实恰恰相反，

and instead have a protective effect against allergies. 短語搭配

它反而能对过敏起到保护作用。

I mean,

我是说，

how bad are the diseases that these vaccines are preventing anyways? 用詞

这些疫苗所预防的疾病到底能有多严重啊？

My little sport here

瞧我家这个小家伙，

stuffed like a packed sausage. 習語

壮实得像根塞得满满的香肠。

Got my genes,

遗传了我的基因，

so he's built to last. 習語

所以身子骨结实得很。

If he got the measles,

就算他得了麻疹，

what's the worst that could happen? 語氣意圖

最坏又能怎样？

Vaccines have done such a good job preventing so many diseases 語法

疫苗在预防众多疾病方面成效卓著，

that many generations have never seen them.

以至于好几代人都从未见过这些疾病。

But here's what these diseases looked like without vaccines. 表達脈絡

但在没有疫苗的年代，这些疾病造成的景象是这样的。

In 1967,

1967年，

smallpox was responsible for millions of deaths.

天花夺去了数百万人的生命。

By 1980,

到1980年，

it was completely eradicated due to an intensive vaccine campaign. 用詞

得益于大规模疫苗接种行动，天花被彻底根除。

Before polio vaccine was available,

在脊髓灰质炎疫苗问世前，

13,000 to 20,000 cases of paralytic polio

麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例多达1.3万至2万例，

were reported each year in the United States.

这是当时美国每年的报告数字。

This meant thousands of children had to use braces, crutches, wheelchairs,

这意味着成千上万的儿童不得不依靠腿部支具、拐杖、轮椅，

and ventilators to breathe.

甚至要靠呼吸机才能呼吸。

From 1964 to 65,

1964年至1965年间，

before the rubella vaccine,

在风疹疫苗问世之前，

there were 2100 neonatal deaths and 11,250 miscarriages.

共有2100例新生儿死亡和11250例流产。

And of the 20,000 born with rubella,

在2万名患有先天性风疹的婴儿中，

more than half ended up deaf, 短語動詞

超过一半最终失聪，

over 3,000 blind,

3000多人失明，

and 1800 with mental delays.

还有1800人出现智力发育迟缓。

As for measles,

至于麻疹，

before immunization was available,

在麻疹疫苗可供接种前，

nearly everyone in the US got measles

美国几乎人人都得过麻疹，

because it's extremely contagious.

因为它的传染性极强。

The World Health Organization estimates that regular vaccination

世界卫生组织估计，常规疫苗接种

has prevented 20.4 million deaths from measles worldwide

已在全球避免了2040万例麻疹死亡，

from 2000 to 2016.

这一统计涵盖2000年至2016年。

Okay,

好吧，

but you still haven't covered autism. 語氣意圖

但你还是没谈到自闭症。

Much of the anti-vaccination movement

反疫苗运动在很大程度上

is linked to one paper published in the late 1990s, 短語搭配

与20世纪90年代末发表的一篇论文有关，

which claimed vaccines caused autism.

该论文声称疫苗会导致自闭症。

It suggested a link between the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine

它提出，麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹三联疫苗

causing malabsorption of nutrients in the gut,

会造成肠道营养吸收不良，

thereby leading to increased cases of autism in children. 表達脈絡

从而导致儿童自闭症病例增加。

The study was later proven to be fraudulent 用詞

后来，这项研究被证实存在造假，

and debunked by 25 international research papers

并被25篇国际研究论文驳倒，

involving large population studies.

这些论文都涉及大规模人群研究。

Furthermore,

此外，

10 of the 13 authors of this original paper

原论文的13名作者中，有10名

have now refuted and retracted their original statements 用詞

如今已否定并撤回了自己最初

on this suggested link.

对这一所谓关联所作的声明。

And while it's understandable that parents want to protect their kids, 語法

尽管家长想保护孩子的心情可以理解，

the claim is not founded in any evidence.

但这一说法没有任何证据支持。

There needs to be a balance with the government.

政府的介入也该把握好分寸。

Parents should have a measure of choice 用詞

家长应该拥有一定的选择权，

about whether or not they should vaccinate their kids.

决定是否给孩子接种疫苗。

No one knows their kid better than you do. 語法

没有人比你更了解自己的孩子。

So,

所以，

vaccinating your kid

给孩子接种疫苗这件事

only affects you and your baby.

只会影响你和你的宝宝。

This is simply not the case. 表達脈絡

事实根本不是这样。

Vaccines protect you

疫苗能保护你，

and perhaps more importantly, 表達脈絡

而且或许更重要的是，

it helps other people.

它还能保护其他人。

If you're not sick,

如果你没有生病，

you can't spread the disease to those with weaker immune systems,

就不会把疾病传给免疫系统较弱的人，

particularly the very young or elderly,

尤其是幼儿或老年人，

and those who may have medical conditions

以及那些因健康状况

in which they can't be vaccinated.

而无法接种疫苗的人。

For example,

例如，

those undergoing chemotherapy.

正在接受化疗的人。

The more people that are vaccinated, 語法

接种疫苗的人越多，

the less available real estate for the germs, 習語

病菌可占据的“地盘”就越少，

meaning its spreading ability is squashed.

也就是说，病菌的传播能力会受到遏制。

This principle is called herd immunity. 文化背景

这一原理叫作群体免疫。

For the vulnerable in our society, 用詞

对社会中的易感人群来说，

herd immunity is their best protection.

群体免疫是他们最好的保护屏障。

The NSA,

美国国家安全局，

the CIA,

美国中央情报局，

the FBI,

美国联邦调查局，

big corporations,

大企业，

big pharma. 用詞

大型制药公司。

The amount of drugs they've taken off the market,

他们都撤下过那么多药物了，

trusting those suits, 習語

相信那些西装革履的家伙

is practically a death sentence. 習語

简直等于给自己判死刑。

Pharmaceutical companies do make money from selling vaccines. 語法

制药公司确实会通过销售疫苗赚钱。

One estimate puts the vaccine market now at $24 billion, 表達脈絡

一项估算显示，如今疫苗市场规模达240亿美元，

which is huge.

这可是一笔巨款。

But if you want to talk money, 語氣意圖

但要说钱的话，

a study found that in the US between 1994 and 2013,

一项研究发现，1994年至2013年间，美国

vaccine created a net savings of $295 billion in direct costs 用詞

通过接种疫苗，在直接成本上净省了2950亿美元，

and 1.38 trillion in societal costs.

在社会成本上则省下了1.38万亿美元。

It's true,

的确，

drugs have been pulled from the market 短語動詞

有些药物已被撤出市场，

after harmful side effects came to light. 習語

因为其有害副作用后来暴露出来。

However,

然而，

vaccines are among the most highly regulated substances we can put into our bodies, 語法

疫苗是所有可进入人体的物质中监管最严格的一类，

in part because they're given to healthy people, 表達脈絡

部分原因在于，它们是给健康人接种的，

usually children,

而接种者通常是儿童，

as a preventative measure rather than a treatment. 短語搭配

这是预防措施，而不是治疗手段。

They go through multiple phases of testing 短語動詞

疫苗要经过多个阶段的测试，

to see if they're safe, 表達脈絡

以确定是否安全，

to find the correct dose,

找出正确剂量，

and to see if protection against the disease actually works.

并确认对疾病的防护是否真的有效。

In Canada and the US,

在加拿大和美国，

it can take 10 to 25 years of testing 語法

一款疫苗可能需要经过10至25年的测试

before a vaccine is approved.

才能获批。

And once on the market, 語法

而一旦上市，

there's continuous monitoring of its effects.

其影响还会受到持续监测。

The likelihood of a severe reaction to the MMR vaccine

接种麻腮风三联疫苗后出现严重反应的概率

is approximately one in one million, 短語搭配

大约为百万分之一，

which is around 10 times less likely 語法

这一概率大约只有

than being killed by a lightning strike.

被雷击身亡概率的十分之一。

Thank you so much to Bill and Melinda Gates

非常感谢比尔和梅琳达·盖茨

for sponsoring today's episode.

赞助本期节目。

This video is meant to highlight the importance of vaccines, 短語搭配

本视频旨在强调疫苗的重要性，

which save millions of lives every year.

疫苗每年能挽救数百万人的生命。

Vaccines are a great example

疫苗就是一个绝佳的例子，

of how modern medicine and technology

展现出现代医学与科技

have decreased disease worldwide.

如何降低了全球的疾病发生率。

It's part of the reason 短語搭配

这也是

why the number of children who die every year

每年死亡的儿童人数

has been cut by half 語法

已经减少一半

and continues to go down.

并持续下降的部分原因。

Though sometimes it's hard to feel like it, 表達脈絡

尽管有时很难这么想，

there are many reasons

但我们有很多理由

why we should be optimistic about our future.

对未来保持乐观。

This becomes pretty clear

当你把目光投向以下这些时，这一点就会变得很清楚：

when you focus on the brilliant scientists,

才华横溢的科学家、

dedicated individuals,

全心投入的人们，

and new ideas

以及各种新理念，

that are solving some of the world's toughest issues.

这些力量正在解决世界上一些最棘手的问题。

Head to gatesletter.com

请访问gatesletter.com，

to learn in the annual letter

阅读年度公开信，了解

from Bill and Melinda Gates

比尔和梅琳达·盖茨

why they're so optimistic about the future.

为何对未来如此乐观。

Thanks for watching,

感谢观看，

and if you haven't already, 語法

如果你还没接种，

go out and get your flu shot. 短語搭配

就去打流感疫苗吧。

And parents,

各位家长，

please just vaccinate your kids. 語氣意圖

请务必给孩子接种疫苗。

Thanks a lot,

多谢了，

okay?

好吗？

We will see you next week.

我们下周见。

Bye.

再见。