如何清晰地沟通：英语精读讲义

You are the only you that's existed in all of human history. 講解

在整个人类历史上，你是独一无二的。

Your experiences are yours and yours alone. 短語搭配

你的经历只属于你一个人。

Some of those experiences have taught you things that are absolutely worth sharing with an audience. 語法

其中有些经历教会了你一些绝对值得与听众分享的东西。

And that's what we're here to learn how to do. 表達脈絡

而这正是我们在这里要学习如何去做的。

Once you've found an idea that you're excited to share with an audience, 講解

一旦你找到了一个让你兴奋地想与听众分享的想法，

you're ready to start putting a talk together. 短語動詞

你就可以开始准备一场演讲了。

The purpose of a talk is to say something meaningful, 語法

演讲的目的是传达一些有意义的东西，

but many talks never quite do that. 用詞

但许多演讲却未能做到这一点。

The number one reason this happens is that a speaker does not have a proper plan for the talk as a whole. 短語搭配

发生这种情况的首要原因是，演讲者对整个演讲没有一个恰当的计划。

They may have planned what to say point by point or sentence by sentence, 短語搭配

他们可能已经计划好了要逐点或逐句说什么，

but did not plan how everything in the talk would link up to deliver a meaningful message. 講解

但没有计划演讲中的一切应如何联系起来，以传递有意义的信息。

There's a helpful word that people use to analyze plays,

有一个很有用的词，人们常用来分析戏剧、

movies, and novels.

电影和小说。

It applies to talks too. 用詞

它同样适用于演讲。

The word is throughline. 文化背景

这个词就是“主线”。

The throughline of a talk is the main idea that ties together everything the speaker presents. 短語動詞

演讲的主线是把演讲者展示的所有内容联系在一起的核心理念。

Every talk should have a throughline.

每场演讲都应该有一条主线。

That doesn't mean a talk must only cover one topic or only tell a single story or proceed in only one direction. 表達脈絡

这并不意味着演讲只能涵盖一个主题，或者只讲一个故事，又或者只朝着一个方向进行。

It just means that everything in the talk should connect to support the main idea.

它只是意味着演讲中的一切都应该联系起来，以支撑这个核心理念。

Here's the start of a talk without a throughline.

这是一场没有主线的演讲的开头：

I want to share with you some experiences I had during my recent trip to Cape Town 語氣意圖

我想和大家分享我在最近去开普敦旅行时的一些经历，

and then make a few observations about life on the road. 習語

然后谈谈关于在路上的生活的一些观察。

Now here's the start of a talk where the throughline is made clear from the start. 短語搭配

现在，这是一场主线从一开始就很明确的演讲的开头：

On my recent trip to Cape Town,

在我最近去开普敦的旅行中，

I learned something new about strangers,

我对陌生人有了一些新的认识：

when you can trust them and when you definitely can't. 語法

什么时候你可以信任他们，什么时候你绝对不能。

Let me share with you two very different experiences I had.

让我和大家分享两段非常不同的经历。

The version without a throughline might work for your family, 用詞

没有主线的版本可能适合讲给你的家人听，

but the version with a throughline is more exciting for a general audience. 用詞

但有主线的版本对普通听众来说更吸引人。

Here are the throughlines of some popular TED Talks.

以下是一些受欢迎的 TED 演讲的主线：

More choice actually makes us less happy. 語法

更多的选择实际上让我们更不快乐。

Vulnerability is something to be treasured, 語法

脆弱是应该被珍视的，

not hidden from.

而不是避之不及的。

Let's bring on a quiet revolution, 短語動詞

让我们带来一场安静的革命，

a world redesigned for introverts.

一个为内向者重新设计的世界。

A history of the universe in 18 minutes shows a journey from chaos to order. 短語搭配

在18分钟内讲述宇宙的历史，展示了从混沌到秩序的旅程。

Terrible city flags can reveal surprising design secrets.

糟糕的城市旗帜可以揭示令人惊讶的设计秘密。

A ski trek to the South Pole threatened my life and changed my sense of purpose. 短語搭配

一次去南极的滑雪之旅威胁到了我的生命，并改变了我的目标感。

Remember lesson one,

还记得第一课吗？

when we compared a talk to a journey that a speaker and an audience go on together? 表達脈絡

当时我们把演讲比作演讲者和听众一起踏上的旅程。

If a talk is a journey, 語法

如果演讲是一次旅程，

then the throughline is the path that journey takes.

那么主线就是那次旅程所走的路径。

Following the path of a throughline makes sure there are no impossible leaps. 講解

沿着主线的路径走，可以确保没有不可能的跳跃。

By the end of the talk, 短語搭配

在演讲结束时，

the speaker and the audience have arrived together at a satisfying destination. 習語

演讲者和听众会一起到达一个令人满意的终点。

So how do you figure out your throughline? 短語動詞

那么，如何弄清楚你的主线呢？

Pick an idea that can be properly explored in the time you have to give your talk.

选择一个在你演讲时间内可以被充分探讨的观点。

Then make sure everything you include in your talk links back to this main idea. 短語動詞

然后确保你在演讲中包含的一切都能链接回这个核心理念。

Creating a great talk that fits into a limited period of time can be hard work, 短語搭配

要在有限的时间内创作出精彩的演讲是一项艰巨的工作，

but there's a right way and a wrong way to go about it. 講解

但这有正确的方法和错误的方法。

The wrong way is to include all the points you think you need,

错误的方法是把你认为需要的所有要点都包括进去，

but cover them as briefly as possible, 短語搭配

但尽可能简略地涵盖它们，

maybe skipping out on details or examples. 短語動詞

也许会跳过细节或例子。

You can create a short script this way with every topic you want to cover included in summary form. 短語搭配

你可以用这种方式写一份简短的讲稿，把你想要涵盖的每一个主题都以摘要的形式包括进去。

You may even think there's a throughline connecting it all together.

你甚至可能认为有一条主线把它们都连接了起来。

But throughlines that connect a great many things don't often work.

但是连接一大堆事物的主线通常行不通。

If you rush through many different topics without exploring them deeply, 短語動詞

如果你匆忙地掠过许多不同的主题而没有深入探讨它们，

your points won't land with any force. 習語

你的观点就不会有任何说服力。

It's a simple equation.

这是一个简单的等式：

Overstuffed equals under-explained. 表達脈絡

内容过载等于解释不足。

To say something meaningful in a talk,

要在演讲中传达有意义的东西，

you have to take the time to do at least two things. 短語搭配

你必须花时间做至少两件事。

First, you have to show why what you have to say matters. 表達脈絡

首先，你必须说明为什么你要说的话很重要。

What is the question you're trying to answer? 表達脈絡

你想试图回答什么问题？

What's the problem you're trying to solve?

你想试图解决什么问题？

What's the experience you're trying to share?

你想试图分享什么经历？

Second, you have to flesh out each point you make with real examples, 講解

其次，你必须用真实的例子、

stories, and facts.

故事和事实来充实你提出的每一个观点。

This is how an idea that's important to you can be built in someone else's mind. 習語

只有这样，对你来说重要的想法才能建立在别人的脑海中。

To give a really good talk,

为了发表一场真正优秀的演讲，

you may have to cut back on how many topics you want to cover 短語動詞

你可能不得不减少你想涵盖的主题数量，

and instead focus on a single connected thread, 表達脈絡

转而专注于一条单一连贯的线索，

a throughline,

即一条主线，

that you have time to present thoroughly and completely.

并且你有时间去彻底且完整地展示它。

This is the right way to make a great talk fit into a limited amount of time.

这就是让精彩演讲适合有限时间的正确方法。

You may make fewer points than you would without a throughline,

你可能提出的要点比没有主线时要少，

but the points you do make will have more of an impact. 講解

但你所提出的要点会产生更大的影响。

Less can be more. 習語

少即是多。

Choosing a throughline will help you determine which topics to include in your talk 語法

选择一条主线将帮助你决定在演讲中应包含哪些主题，

and which to leave out.

以及该去掉哪些。

It will help you filter out anything that doesn't connect to your main idea. 短語動詞

它会帮助你过滤掉任何与你的核心理念不相关的东西。

If you're having trouble focusing your throughline, 短語搭配

如果你在聚焦主线时遇到困难，

a good exercise is to try to say it in no more than 15 words. 短語搭配

一个很好的练习是尝试用不超过15个字来表达它。

What is the precise idea you want to build inside your listeners? 習語

你想在听众心中建立的确切理念是什么？

What do you want them to take away from your talk? 短語動詞

你想让他们从你的演讲中带走什么？

Here are some questions to ask yourself as you're working out your throughline. 短語動詞

以下是在你构思主线时需要问自己的一些问题：

Is this a topic that means something to me? 短語搭配

这是一个对我有意义的主题吗？

Does it inspire curiosity?

它能激发好奇心吗？

Does it offer the audience a new way of looking at something? 短語搭配

它能为听众提供一种看待事物的新方式吗？

Is my talk a gift? 習語

我的演讲是一份礼物吗？

Does it ask a question?

它提出问题了吗？

Is the information fresh or unexpected in some way?

这些信息在某种程度上是新鲜的还是出乎意料的？

Can I truly explain the topic in the time I have,

我能否在拥有的时间内真正解释清楚这个主题，

complete with necessary examples? 短語搭配

并配以必要的例子？

Do I know enough about the topic

我对这个主题了解得够多吗，

or do I need to do some research?

还是我需要做些研究？

Does this topic connect to my experience?

这个主题与我的经历有联系吗？

What are the 15 words that capture my talk? 用詞

概括我演讲的那15个字是什么？

Would those 15 words make someone interested to hear my talk? 語法

这15个字会让别人有兴趣听我的演讲吗？

A speaking coach named Abigail Tenembaum recommends testing your throughline out on someone. 短語動詞

一位名叫阿比盖尔·泰南鲍姆的演讲教练建议找个人测试你的主线。

Saying everything you'd like to include in your talk out loud

大声说出你想在演讲中包含的所有内容，

will help you notice which bits are clear, 表達脈絡

这将帮助你注意到哪些部分很清晰，

which bits could use more explanation, 用詞

哪些部分需要更多解释，

and which bits should be cut in order for your central message to land more powerfully. 講解

以及哪些部分应该被删减，以便你的核心信息能够更有力地传递出去。

Once you have your throughline,

一旦你有了你的主线，

you're ready to plan what you'll attach to it. 短語動詞

你就准备好计划将要在它上面附加什么了。

Whether your time limit is 2 minutes, 語法

无论你的时间限制是2分钟、

18 minutes, or an hour,

18分钟，还是一个小时，

remember,

请记住，

only cover as much as you have time to really explore in depth. 講解

只涵盖你有时间真正深入探讨的内容。

Next up,

接下来，

choose your presentation plan.

选择你的展示计划。

We'll help you come up with the plan that works for you with this video. 短語動詞

本视频将帮助你制定适合你的计划。