什么是视频？？：英语精读讲义

Hey, Vsauce.

嘿，Vsauce。

Michael here and I just got back from VidCon. 短語動詞

我是Michael，我刚从VidCon回来。

The entire convention was incredible,

整场大会都精彩极了，

but the whole time I was there, 短語搭配

但我待在那里的整个期间，

I thought a lot about video.

一直都在思考视频这件事。

We all watch video and many of us work with video,

我们都看视频，很多人也从事与视频相关的工作，

but what is it?

但视频到底是什么？

I mean, what really is video?

我是说，视频究竟是什么？

Well,

嗯，

guess what?

你猜怎么着？

Today, we're going to take a look. 短語搭配

今天，我们就来一探究竟。

To begin, 表達脈絡

首先，

I think we should start all the way down at the bottom with language.

我想我们应该从最基础的语言说起。

What does the word record mean?

“record”这个词是什么意思？

The story behind the word record is actually quite cool and makes me a little sentimental. 短語搭配

“record”一词背后的故事其实很有意思，也让我有点感慨。

The word record comes from the Latin,

“record”源自拉丁语，

where re means again

其中“re”意为“再次”，

and cor means the heart or the soul.

“cor”意为“心”或“灵魂”。

So,

所以，

when you record something,

当你记录某样东西时，

you are literally bringing it back into your heart, 習語

从字面上说，你是在把它带回心中，

bringing it back into your soul,

带回灵魂深处，

remembering it.

也就是记住它。

Now,

那么，

that sounds really nice and pretty,

这听起来很美好，

but it actually had more to do with the fact that ancient people thought that the heart was where we stored memories, 短語搭配

但其实，这更多是因为古人认为记忆储存在心里，

not the brain.

而不是大脑里。

The reason a sequence of still images can appear to be moving is an effect known as beta movement. 講解

一连串静止图像之所以看起来会动，是因为一种叫作“贝塔运动”的效应。

If images move fast enough, 語法

如果图像切换得足够快，

our brain can't comprehend them as separate images

我们的大脑就无法把它们理解为一张张独立的图像，

and the illusion of motion is created.

于是便产生了运动的错觉。

Now,

过去，

for a very long time,

在很长一段时间里，

we recorded moving images on photographic film.

我们都用摄影胶片记录动态图像。

But later on,

但后来，

a new way of capturing moving images came about 短語動詞

人们发明了一种捕捉动态图像的新方式，

and it was called video.

并称之为“视频”。

Video comes from the Latin for I see,

“video”源自拉丁语，意为“我看见”，

and rather than preserving a moving image chemically on celluloid photographic film stock, 語法

它不是通过化学方式把动态图像保存在赛璐珞摄影胶片上，

video is an electronic representation of the moving image.

而是动态图像的电子化呈现。

Now,

现在，

in the real world,

在现实世界中，

stuff just happens.

事情就这么发生着。

Things just continuously happen.

一切都在持续不断地发生。

But in the world of a camera,

但在摄影机的世界里，

whether it's film or video camera, 語法

无论是胶片摄影机还是摄像机，

it's almost always in the form of frame rates, 用詞

画面几乎总是以一定帧率呈现的，

pictures of the world taken at a certain speed that are then quickly gone through,

也就是以特定速度拍下一幅幅现实世界的图像，再快速连续播放，

producing through beta movement the illusion of movement.

通过贝塔运动制造出运动的错觉。

When a camera records at a lower frame rate,

当摄影机以较低帧率录制时，

playback often looks jittery and skips like this.

回放画面往往会显得抖动，像这样一卡一卡的。

More frames per second means that more information is taken every second,

每秒帧数越多，就意味着每秒采集的信息越多，

leading to more fluidity. 語法

画面也就越流畅。

But that leads to a whole can of worms, 習語

但这又会引出一大堆麻烦，

which is a great transition to a conversation I had with Dylan from HouseholdHacker at VidCon. 表達脈絡

正好可以转到我在VidCon上和HouseholdHacker的Dylan聊过的话题。

Roll the tape. 文化背景

播片。

Hey, Vsauce.

嘿，Vsauce。

Michael here and I am in the bathroom at VidCon

我是Michael，现在正在VidCon的卫生间里，

and I've got a special guest right outside.

外面还有一位特别嘉宾。

It's Dylan from HouseholdHacker.

他就是HouseholdHacker的Dylan。

Hey,

嘿，

what's going on, 語氣意圖

最近怎么样，

everyone?

各位？

You know,

你知道吗，

I got a good question for you based on frame rates and whatnot. 用詞

关于帧率之类的问题，我正好有个不错的问题要问你。

What would you say the human eye sees as a frame rate? 語氣意圖

你觉得人眼看到的世界相当于多少帧率？

Very good question.

问得非常好。

What frame rate do we see the world in with our eyeballs?

我们的眼睛是以多少帧率看世界的？

I mean,

我是说，

how fast does information travel from our eye to our brain?

信息从眼睛传到大脑有多快？

It obviously can't be too low because

这显然不能太慢，因为

fast objects don't look like they're skipping,

快速移动的物体看起来并不会一卡一卡的，

they look pretty fluid.

而是相当流畅。

Right.

对。

Well,

嗯，

it's a little bit of a trick question because our eyes are not cameras. 用詞

这其实有点像一道陷阱题，因为我们的眼睛并不是摄影机。

Instead,

相反，

they track onto objects

眼睛会追踪物体，

and receive a continuous flow of photons onto the retina,

并接收持续不断落在视网膜上的光子，

sending information via a chemical reaction to the brain.

再通过化学反应把信息传给大脑。

Now,

那么，

here's what we do know. 表達脈絡

我们目前知道的是：

The visual cortex in our brain

大脑中的视觉皮层

usually holds that information from our retina for about a 15th of a second. 用詞

通常会将视网膜传来的信息保留大约十五分之一秒。

So,

所以，

if an animation moves at 15 frames a second or faster, 語法

如果动画的播放速度达到或超过每秒15帧，

it's going to look nice and fluid.

看起来就会流畅自然。

But,

但是，

if it's lower than 15 frames a second,

如果低于每秒15帧，

our brain's not fooled by the beta movement and it'll look like it's skipping.

大脑就不会被贝塔运动骗过，画面看起来会一卡一卡的。

So,

所以，

basically,

简单来说，

the faster the frame rate, 語法

帧率越高，

the better everything's going to look in the end.

最终一切看起来就越好。

Here's the thing. 表達脈絡

但问题来了。

If frame rates get higher and higher,

如果帧率越来越高，

you wind up with an image that can actually cause headaches when people watch it on a screen. 短語動詞

最终得到的画面在屏幕上播放时，实际上可能会让观众头疼。

Um,

嗯，

uh, here,

呃，来，

I'll explain why.

我解释一下原因。

Uh,

呃，

hold this camera for a second.

帮我拿一下这台摄影机。

Oh, yeah.

哦，好啊。

No problem.

没问题。

So,

好，

back to the point about our eyes tracking onto objects. 表達脈絡

回到刚才说的眼睛追踪物体这件事。

If I do this,

如果我这样做，

move my hand in front of my face and track it with my eyes,

把手移到脸前，并用眼睛追踪它，

I can see my hand.

我能清楚地看到自己的手。

It makes sense.

这很合理。

But at a certain point,

但快到一定程度时，

my hand will move so fast that it's just a blur. 語法

我的手会移动得太快，看起来只剩一团模糊。

And the reason it's a blur is because my eye can only track so fast. 語法

之所以模糊，是因为眼睛的追踪速度有限。

And when objects move faster than our eyeballs can track, 語法

当物体移动得比眼球能够追踪的速度还快时，

your brain adds in motion blur. 短語動詞

大脑就会补上动态模糊。

That way, 表達脈絡

这样一来，

we get a sense of movement happening, 短語搭配

我们既能感受到运动正在发生，

but we don't see something like a hand randomly appearing all over the place. 習語

又不会看到一只手莫名其妙地在各处随机闪现。

But this becomes a problem with new high definition programs on big televisions

但对于大电视上的新型高清节目来说，这就成了问题，

because some of those programs are brought to your TV at frame rates as high as a thousand frames a second. 語法

因为其中一些节目传到电视上时，帧率高达每秒1000帧。

And objects like a tennis ball that normally travel so fast our eyes can't track them and they look blurry,

像网球这种物体，通常移动得太快，眼睛无法追踪，所以看起来很模糊，

don't look blurry because the camera is able to see them clearly.

此时却不再模糊，因为摄影机能清楚地捕捉到它们。

And when you watch that program on TV,

当你在电视上观看这种节目时，

you can actually get a headache or get dizzy.

真的可能会头疼或眩晕。

So,

所以，

they're having to find ways to add blur back into HD pictures. 短語動詞

他们不得不想办法给高清画面重新加上模糊效果。

Pretty neat, 語氣意圖

很有意思，

right?

对吧？

That's great information.

这信息太棒了。

How did you even learn this? 語氣意圖

你到底是怎么学到这些的？

You know?

你懂的吧？

That's what I'm here for, 語氣意圖

我就是为此而来的，

man.

兄弟。

All right.

好吧。

Thank you.

谢谢你。

Yeah,

对了，

hey.

嘿。

See you around. 語氣意圖

回头见。

See you.

再见。

See you.

再见。

Oh,

哦，

hey.

嘿。

Uh,

呃，

just real quick, 語氣意圖

就耽误你一下，

real quick.

很快的。

You know,

那个，

the bathroom,

在卫生间里，

you know,

你知道，

I heard you coming out. 語法

我听见你出来了。

Did you wash your hands?

你洗手了吗？

Um,

呃，

yeah.

洗了。

So,

所以，

there you go. 語氣意圖

就是这样。

Some cool facts about video that I learned while I was flying to and from VidCon from New York to LA. 短語搭配

以上就是我从纽约飞往洛杉矶参加VidCon、再飞回来的途中学到的一些视频冷知识。

It was a long flight,

航程很长，

but I learned a lot

但我学到了很多，

and I want to end with some numbers about YouTube specifically.

最后，我想专门用几组数字来说说YouTube。

YouTube hosts videos from all over the world,

YouTube托管着来自世界各地的视频，

massive massive amounts.

数量多得惊人。

In fact, 表達脈絡

事实上，

every minute of the day,

每一天的每一分钟，

people are uploading video to YouTube.

都有人在向YouTube上传视频。

And if you were to take all the video uploaded to YouTube at any given minute, 講解

如果把任意一分钟内上传到YouTube的所有视频

all together, 用詞

全部加起来，

it would equal 48 hours.

总时长会达到48小时。

That's right.

没错。

Two full days of video are uploaded to YouTube every single minute. 用詞

每一分钟，都会有足足两天时长的视频被上传到YouTube。

You guys are part of something gigantic.

你们正在参与一件无比庞大的事情。

All right.

好了。

Now,

那么，

later this week,

本周晚些时候，

I'll have a new episode of IMG and soon enough we'll have episodes of DONG, 短語搭配

我会发布新一期IMG，不久后还会有DONG的新节目，

Loot.

以及Loot。

It's going to be super cool.

一定会非常酷。

So,

所以，

be sure you're subscribed so you don't miss anything.

一定要订阅，这样才不会错过任何内容。

And as always,

一如既往，

thanks for watching.

感谢观看。

Thank you.

谢谢。

They're not the same person.

他们不是同一个人。

It's supposed to be the Tribune. 語法

应该是Tribune才对。

I lived in Chicago for 4 years.

我在芝加哥住了4年。

Oh, yeah?

哦，是吗？

Who's the best one on the right?

右边哪个最好？