这些迹象表明你正在经历青春期：英语精读讲义

So you're starting to get hair in weird places

你的身体开始在奇怪的地方长毛了

and that cute girl at school is starting to make you feel very uncomfortable

而且学校里那个可爱的女孩开始让你感到非常不舒服

in one of those same weird places.

就在那些奇怪的地方之一。

No need to freak out. 短語動詞

没必要惊慌。

You're just going through puberty. 短語動詞

你只是在经历青春期。

But what exactly happens to your body 表達脈絡

但是，当你的身体进入这个麻烦的发育阶段时，究竟会发生什么变化

as you enter this troublesome stage of development

当你进入这个麻烦的发育阶段时

and how can you be sure you're finally entering puberty?

你怎么才能确定自己终于进入青春期了呢？

That's how we'll find out today.

这就是我们今天要了解的。

In this episode of The Infographics Show,

在这一集的 The Infographics Show 中，

how do you know you're going through puberty?

你怎么知道自己正在经历青春期？

Puberty is the natural development of an animal

青春期是动物自然发育的过程

from adolescent youth to sexual adult.

从青少年时期成长为性成熟的成年体。

Most animals take just a few years to go from birth to sexual maturity 語法

大多数动物只需几年时间就能从出生达到性成熟

with the African killifish being the fastest maturing vertebrate at an incredible 2 weeks. 語法

非洲鳉鱼是成熟最快的脊椎动物，只需要惊人的两周。

We're betting those of you waking up every morning to fresh zits

我们打赌，你们中每天早上醒来看到新长出痘痘的人

would kill for it all to be over in just 2 weeks. 習語

肯定会拼了命希望这一切只需两周就能结束。

In nature, maturity is a balancing act for each species. 習語

在自然界中，成熟对每个物种来说都是一种平衡。

A longer adolescence allows for greater brain development 短語搭配

更长的青春期有助于大脑更好的发育

and advanced learning techniques, but it also puts a species at serious risk of extinction 短語搭配

以及高级的学习技巧，但这也让物种面临严重的灭绝风险

as being a child in the wild can be extremely dangerous.

因为在野外作为幼崽生活极其危险。

That is why animals with the longest maturity rates tend to be pack animals 表達脈絡

这就是为什么成熟期最长的动物往往是群居动物

and among the most intelligent in the natural kingdom.

并且是自然界中最聪明的动物。

Dolphins and sperm whales, for example,

例如，海豚和抹香鲸

typically take 7 to 13 years to reach adulthood

通常需要7到13年才能成年

and are some of the most intelligent animals in the world.

并且是世界上最聪明的动物之一。

Long ago, humans made that same trade-off, 短語搭配

很久以前，人类做出了同样的权衡，

accepting the risk of predation and possible extinction

承受了被捕食和可能灭绝的风险

for the payoff of increased intelligence.

以换取智力提升的回报。

Turns out this was a winning bet for Mother Nature, 講解

事实证明这是大自然的一次成功押注，

even if it means some of you right now probably wish Mother Nature had taken a different path. 語法

尽管现在你们中的一些人可能希望大自然当初能走另一条路。

Don't worry,

别担心，

it'll pass and one day zits and awkward feelings

这一切都会过去的，总有一天，痘痘和尴尬的感觉

around the opposite gender will be a thing of the past. 習語

在异性面前都将成为过去。

Well, maybe just the zits.

好吧，也许只是痘痘会过去。

So, what exactly happens to your body as you go through puberty?

那么，在经历青春期时，你的身体究竟会发生什么变化呢？

Males and females vary,

男性和女性会有所不同，

with females typically reaching sexual maturity sooner.

女性通常会更早达到性成熟。

This is, again, an evolutionary quirk

同样，这是进化的一个奇妙之处

as a younger female is typically healthier

因为年轻的女性通常更健康

and has a greater chance at successfully bearing children.

并有更大的机会成功生育后代。

For girls, breasts will start to develop around 10 to 11 years of age

对女孩来说，乳房会在10到11岁左右开始发育

and is often the first outward sign of puberty.

这通常是青春期的第一个外在标志。

It's not uncommon for breasts to develop at different rates, 語法

乳房以不同的速度发育并不罕见，

however, and though they may never become perfectly symmetrical,

然而，虽然它们可能永远不会变得完全对称，

they will eventually reach close symmetry.

它们最终会达到近似对称。

So, if you're currently in the midst of your own changes, no need to worry. 短語搭配

所以，如果你目前正在经历自己的变化，不必担心。

Girls will also typically have their biggest growth spurt at this time,

女孩通常也会在此时迎来最大的生长突增，

growing anywhere from 5 to 20 cm. 短語搭配

长高5到20厘米不等。

The head, face and hands typically grow a bit faster than the limbs

头部、脸部和手部的生长速度通常比四肢快一点

and you might feel out of proportion for a while, 用詞

你可能会在一段时间内感觉身体比例失调，

but again, this is temporary and the rest of your body will catch up. 短語動詞

但再说一次，这是暂时的，你身体的其他部分会赶上来的。

A girl's body will also begin to change shape with the hips widening

女孩的身体形状也会开始改变，臀部变宽

as the body prepares for the act of carrying and bearing children.

因为身体在为孕育和生育孩子做准备。

Pubic hair will also start to grow,

阴毛也会开始生长，

getting darker and thicker over time.

随着时间的推移变得越来越黑、越来越浓密。

At ages 12 to 14 or about 2 years after breast development begins,

在12到14岁，或者乳房开始发育大约2年后，

girls will experience hair growing underneath the armpits.

女孩的腋下会开始长毛。

Social taboos aside, 表達脈絡

抛开社会禁忌不谈，

this is perfectly natural and something men nor women paid any attention to until the development of the razor blade.

这是非常自然的现象，直到剃须刀发明之前，男人和女人都不会对此有任何关注。

Periods will also begin,

月经也会开始，

but will be preceded by a clear or whitish discharge from the vagina 短語搭配

但在此之前的几个月里

for several months before they actually start.

阴道会流出透明或白色的分泌物。

While this is, again, perfectly natural,

虽然这依然是完全自然的，

any itching, pain, discomfort

但任何瘙痒、疼痛、不适

or strong odor should be checked with a doctor.

或强烈的异味都应该去看医生。

When they eventually arrive,

当月经最终来临时，

periods will occur every month.

每个月都会出现。

This is the body shedding the lining of the uterus.

这是身体在脱落子宫内膜。

In anticipation of fertilization, 短語搭配

为了准备受精，

the female body produces an egg every month

女性的身体每个月都会排出一颗卵子

along with sensitive and blood-rich tissue to help it grow.

伴随着敏感和富含血液的组织来帮助其生长。

If an egg goes unfertilized, 語法

如果卵子没有受精，

the body disposes of this unneeded tissue, 短語動詞

身体就会排掉这些不需要的组织，

leading to the monthly period.

导致每月一次的月经。

Periods may be irregular at first,

月经一开始可能不规律，

but eventually the body will settle into a rhythm. 習語

但最终身体会稳定成一个节奏。

Boys develop a bit later and slower than girls,

男孩的发育比女孩晚一点也慢一点，

once more due to evolution.

这同样是由于进化。

Males simply aren't as critical to the role of survival as females,

男性在生存中的作用根本不如女性关键，

who carry and care for the baby 短語動詞

因为女性要孕育和照顾婴儿

and in the wild,

而在野外，

males typically require a bit longer time than females to develop stronger bodies

男性通常需要比女性多一点的时间来发育出更强壮的身体

or the specialized appendages used in courtship

或者是用于求偶的特殊附属器官

such as a male bird's display feathers.

比如雄鸟的展示羽毛。

Between the ages of 11 and 13,

在11到13岁之间，

teen, though, boys begin to enter maturity

然而到了青少年时期，男孩开始进入成熟期

marked with a sudden growth spurt of the genitals.

其标志是生殖器的突然生长突增。

Typically, the testes will grow faster than the penis

通常，睾丸的生长速度会比阴茎快

and just like breasts,

就像乳房一样，

may grow at different rates and end up slightly asymmetrical. 短語動詞

可能生长速度不同，最终略微不对称。

Along with genital growth,

随着生殖器的生长，

pubic hair will also begin to appear,

阴毛也会开始出现，

growing darker and thicker over time.

随着时间的推移变得越来越黑、越来越浓密。

At ages 12 to 14,

在12到14岁时，

males will also hit their largest growth spurt, 短語搭配

男性也会迎来他们最大的一次生长突增，

gaining an average of 10 to 30 cm in height.

身高平均增加10到30厘米。

Males typically grow taller than females

男性通常长得比女性高

and their chest and shoulders grow broader.

他们的胸部和肩膀也会变得更宽。

Just like girls,

和女孩一样，

though, the head, face and hands

头部、脸部和手部的生长

might grow faster than the limbs or torso,

可能会比四肢或躯干快，

but the rest of the body will eventually catch up.

但身体的其他部分最终会赶上来。

At about ages 18 to 20,

在18到20岁左右，

males stop growing altogether.

男性完全停止生长。

Rarely, males can see some breast development

在少数情况下，男性可能会看到一些乳房发育

during puberty.

在青春期。

This is called gynecomastia 用詞

这被称为男性乳房发育症

and is a result of a hormone imbalance that's typically temporary.

是荷尔蒙失衡的结果，通常是暂时的。

Male bodies are prompted through their specific changes via androgens,

男性的身体通过雄激素促发这些特定的变化，

which help develop male physical traits.

雄激素有助于发展男性的身体特征。

However, all males have some level of estrogen in their bodies

然而，所有男性体内都有一定水平的雌激素

and during puberty,

在青春期，

the balance may be enough out of whack that some males might see slight breast growth. 習語

这种平衡可能会被打破，导致一些男性可能会看到轻微的乳房生长。

As the body develops, though,

随着身体的发育，

the hormonal balance is corrected and that breast growth is reversed.

荷尔蒙的平衡会得到纠正，乳房的生长也会逆转。

Surprisingly, just about half of all males develop gynecomastia 短語搭配

令人惊讶的是，几乎一半的男性会出现男性乳房发育症

in one or both breasts,

在一侧或两侧乳房，

but it is overwhelmingly temporary.

但绝大多数都是暂时的。

For those that it isn't, however,

然而，对于那些不是暂时的人来说，

surgical removal of excess breast tissue is always an option.

手术切除多余的乳腺组织总是一个选择。

At around ages 13 to 15,

在13到15岁左右，

boys will start to see a lot of hair growth across the face,

男孩会开始看到脸部、

chest and under the arms.

胸部和腋下长出大量的毛发。

Leg and arm hair grows thicker and darker

腿部和手臂的毛发变得更粗更黑

and hair may continue to expand across the body into the early 20s.

毛发可能会继续蔓延全身，直到20岁出头。

The testicles begin producing more testosterone,

睾丸开始产生更多的睾酮，

which prompts the creation of sperm.

从而促使精子的产生。

This leads to the start of random erections,

这会导致随机勃起的开始，

a perfectly natural, 語法

这是一个完全自然的，

if very awkward,

即便非常尴尬的，

phenomenon which can occur for no reason at all

现象，可能没有任何原因就会发生

and sometimes needs no sexual prompting.

有时不需要任何性刺激。

Males may also start experiencing random ejaculations,

男性也可能开始经历随机射精，

especially during sleep

尤其是在睡眠期间

and commonly known as wet dreams. 短語搭配

俗称梦遗。

At around 14 to 15,

在14到15岁左右，

the larynx or Adam's apple becomes more pronounced and obvious

喉部或喉结变得更明显、更突出

and as it grows,

随着它的生长，

a male's voice will often break and squeak. 用詞

男性的声音通常会破音和发出尖锐的声音。

This can be mortifyingly embarrassing,

这可能会让人尴尬得要死，

but it is a natural part of puberty

但这是青春期自然的组成部分

and the voice will eventually become deeper.

声音最终会变得更深沉。

As they grow,

随着他们的成长，

both males and females will start to become more fiercely independent and rebellious, 短語搭配

男性与女性都会变得更加极其独立和叛逆，

once more just a natural part of evolution

再次说明这只是进化的自然组成部分

and is typically more pronounced in males than in females.

而且通常男性比女性表现得更明显。

In the wild,

在野外，

most animals are solitary,

大多数动物都是独居的，

but even for pack animals like lions and elephants,

但即使是像狮子和大象这样的群居动物，

males are typically forced out of the pack 短語動詞

雄性通常也会被赶出群体

or choose to leave on their own, 短語搭配

或者选择自己离开，

though the females remain behind.

而雌性则留下来。

This is likely because females have stronger nurturing instincts 短語搭配

这很可能是因为雌性有更强的养育本能

and can take care of other young in the pack

可以照顾群体中的其他幼崽

while learning how to take care of their own young one day.

同时学习将来如何照顾自己的幼崽。

By forcing males away

通过把雄性赶走

or them choosing to leave,

或者他们自己选择离开，

it also ensures that the male will find another group to find to mate in

这也确保了雄性会找到另一个群体去寻找配偶

and helps prevent inbreeding.

从而有助于防止近亲繁殖。

Puberty is a terrifying,

青春期是一个令人恐惧的、

awkward and sometimes difficult

尴尬的，有时甚至是艰难的

time for boys and girls,

时期，对男孩和女孩来说都是如此，

but thankfully, it'll all be over one day.

但谢天谢地，这一切总有一天会过去的。

It might seem unfair now,

现在这看起来可能不公平，

but the ultimate trade-off is the development of more advanced brains

但最终的权衡是开发出更高级的大脑

and greater learning potential.

和更大的学习潜力。

All those years of zits and awkward boners

所有那些长着青春痘和尴尬勃起的岁月

have helped the human animal become the very top of the food chain. 習語

都帮助了人类这种动物成为食物链的最顶端。

So, do you have any embarrassing puberty stories?

那么，你有什么尴尬的青春期故事吗？

Let us know in the comments.

在评论区告诉我们吧。

Also, be sure to check out our other video

此外，一定要看看我们的另一个视频

called What Happens to Your Body While You're Having Sex?

名为《做爱时你的身体会发生什么？》。

Thanks for watching

感谢观看

and as always,

像往常一样，

don't forget to like,

别忘了点赞，

share and subscribe.

分享并订阅。

See you next time.

下次见。