SpaceX是如何掌握宇航服技术的：英语精读讲义

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3 years ago,

3年前，

NASA unveiled its next generation spacesuit,

NASA公布了其下一代宇航服，

designed to allow humans to walk on the moon.

旨在让人类能在月球上行走。

But after this,

但在这之后，

everything went quiet,

一切都归于沉寂，

and the spacesuits were never seen again.

那些宇航服再也没有出现过。

It turned out NASA was 20 months behind schedule and millions of dollars over budget with the program. 講解

原来，NASA的这个项目进度落后了20个月，预算超支了数百万美元。

So,

因此，

in order to get a new spacesuit developed in time for the upcoming Artemis missions, 講解

为了能及时为即将到来的Artemis任务开发出新的宇航服，

NASA set up a competition and invited other companies to design their best suit. 短語動詞

NASA举办了一场竞赛，邀请其他公司设计他们最出色的宇航服。

At the time,

当时，

SpaceX already had their own IVA suit. 文化背景

SpaceX已经拥有自己的IVA（舱内）宇航服。

So,

所以，

you'd think partnering with NASA to make an EVA suit would be the next step. 語法

你肯定会认为，与NASA合作制作EVA（舱外）宇航服将是他们的下一步。

It turned out SpaceX had already been working on an EVA suit for years, 語法

结果发现，SpaceX已经研发EVA宇航服很多年了，

and they wanted to go their own direction with the development,

而且他们希望按照自己的方向进行开发，

like they did with their first suit.

就像他们设计第一款宇航服时那样。

In this video,

在本视频中，

we're going to learn how SpaceX mastered their spacesuit design and the key breakthroughs that made it possible.

我们将了解SpaceX是如何掌握其宇航服设计的，以及使其成为可能的关键性突破。

We'll also be giving away this awesome Saturn 5 LEGO set and announcing the winner of the previous giveaway.

我们还将赠送这款超酷的土星5号乐高套装，并宣布上一次抽奖的获胜者。

So,

所以，

stick around till the end of the video and find out how you can win.

请一直看到视频最后，了解你如何才能赢取奖品。

SpaceX began developing their first spacesuit all the way back in 2015, 短語搭配

SpaceX早在2015年就开始开发他们的第一款宇航服，

when it hired Hollywood costume designer Jose Fernandez.

当时他们聘请了好莱坞服装设计师Jose Fernandez。

After several months of designing a suit that looked as sleek as possible, 語法

在花了几个月时间设计出一款看起来尽可能时尚的宇航服后，

it was then up to the SpaceX engineers to reverse engineer it and make it functional. 講解

接下来就交由SpaceX的工程师进行逆向工程，并使其具备实用功能。

To be clear, 表達脈絡

需要明确的是，

this isn't the type of suit that an astronaut would wear outside on a spacewalk.

这不是宇航员在进行太空行走时穿戴在舱外的那种宇航服。

This suit is primarily for keeping astronauts alive inside the spacecraft.

这款宇航服主要是为了在航天器内部保障宇航员的生命安全。

But when you compare SpaceX's suit to other pressure suits,

但当你把SpaceX的宇航服与其他压力服进行比较时，

it looks much sleeker.

它看起来要时尚得多。

How is this possible?

这怎么可能呢？

To answer this,

为了回答这个问题，

we need to look at how spacesuits are normally designed.

我们需要看看宇航服通常是如何设计的。

Spacesuits have traditionally been a one-size-fits-all type of thing, 習語

传统上，宇航服都是均码的，

since they are very expensive to make.

因为它们的制造成本非常高昂。

On the ISS, 文化背景

在国际空间站（ISS）上，

the EVA suit is modular,

EVA宇航服是模块化的，

but in general,

但总的来说，

nothing is made to fit.

没有任何部件是量身定制的。

This is where SpaceX excelled.

而这正是SpaceX表现出色的地方。

Each suit they make is completely custom made to fit the shape of each crew member.

他们制作的每套宇航服完全是根据每位乘组人员的体型定制的。

This has the obvious benefit of creating a much tighter fit,

这带来了一个显而易见的好处，那就是极其贴身，

but the benefits go much further than that. 習語

但它的优势远不止于此。

One of the biggest problems when it comes to designing a spacesuit is mobility. 短語搭配

在设计宇航服时，最大的难题之一就是灵活性。

When the suit is pressurized,

当宇航服加压时，

it inflates like a giant balloon,

它会像一个巨大的气球一样膨胀，

making it extremely rigid and stiff. 語法

变得极其僵硬和死板。

When an astronaut tries to bend their joint,

当宇航员试图弯曲关节时，

the overall volume of the suit is reduced.

宇航服的整体体积会缩小。

Since the suit is completely sealed,

由于宇航服是完全密封的，

the air has nowhere to go, 習語

空气无处可去，

and so bending the joint compresses the air,

因此弯曲关节会压缩空气，

creating a lot of resistance for the astronaut.

从而给宇航员造成巨大的阻力。

Spacesuit designers over the years have come up with many different ways to tackle this problem. 講解

多年来，宇航服设计师想出了许多不同的方法来解决这个问题。

For larger joints like wrists and shoulders,

对于手腕和肩膀等较大的关节，

mechanical bearings are used to allow movement without changing the volume.

使用了机械轴承，以便在不改变体积的情况下允许活动。

For smaller joints like the fingers,

对于手指等较小的关节，

rubber pleats are placed all the way down the back,

橡胶褶皱被放置在整个手背上，

forcing the glove to bend in an arc.

迫使手套呈弧形弯曲。

This isn't very natural since our fingers don't bend like that.

这非常不自然，因为我们的手指并不是那样弯曲的。

Depending on your shape, 語法

取决于你的体型，

the joints in your suit may not align with the joints in your body.

宇航服的关节可能与你身体的关节并不对齐。

This could limit your range of motion and require more force to bend each joint. 短語搭配

这可能会限制你的运动范围，并需要更大的力量来弯曲每个关节。

Since each SpaceX suit is tailor-made, 用詞

由于SpaceX的每套宇航服都是量身定制的，

these joints can be replaced with smaller ones that line up perfectly with the joints of each astronaut. 短語動詞

这些关节可以被替换为更小的关节，完美贴合每位宇航员的身体关节。

But even with a custom-made suit, 語法

但是，即使是定制的宇航服，

bending a sealed tube full of air is very difficult.

弯曲一个充满空气的密封管也是非常困难的。

That's why every joint on the SpaceX suit is strengthened with these criss-cross tensioners, 表達脈絡

这就是为什么SpaceX宇航服上的每个关节都用这些交叉的张紧器进行了加固，

which help the astronaut bend the joint inwards.

它们能帮助宇航员向内弯曲关节。

Then the pressure of the suit naturally helps the astronaut extend the joint back to its initial position.

然后，宇航服的压力会自然而然地帮助宇航员将关节伸展回初始位置。

This is sort of similar to how a spider's leg works. 短語搭配

这有点类似于蜘蛛腿的工作原理。

They only have a muscle to flex their limbs inward,

它们只有一块肌肉让四肢向内弯曲，

and so they rely on hydraulic pressure stored inside their body to extend their limbs outward again. 短語搭配

所以它们依靠储存在体内的液压将四肢再次向外伸展。

Another way to improve mobility is to simply have less air in the suit itself. 語法

提高灵活性的另一种方法是直接减少宇航服内部的空气。

The space shuttle suit operated at a pressure of 24 kilopascals,

航天飞机的宇航服工作压力为24千帕，

just a quarter of the pressure we experience here on Earth.

只有我们在地球上体验到的压力的四分之一。

Lowering the pressure may help with mobility,

降低压力可能有益于提升灵活性，

but it puts the astronaut at risk of getting decompression sickness. 短語搭配

但这会使宇航员面临患上减压病的风险。

This is where the lower pressure inside the suit causes nitrogen in the body to dissolve and form bubbles in the blood vessels.

在这种情况下，宇航服内部较低的压力会导致体内的氮气游离出来并在血管中形成气泡。

Deep-sea divers face the same problem when they come back up to the surface,

深海潜水员在返回水面时也会面临同样的问题，

as they quickly go from a high-pressure environment to a much lower pressure environment.

因为他们迅速从高压环境进入低得多的压力环境。

This can be a potentially fatal problem,

这可能是一个致命的问题，

and many spacesuits require the astronaut to do pre-breathing before suiting up. 用詞

而且许多宇航服要求宇航员在穿戴前进行预吸氧。

This involves breathing pure oxygen for several hours before wearing the spacesuit,

这包括在穿宇航服之前呼吸数小时纯氧，

in order to get rid of all the nitrogen in the bloodstream. 短語動詞

以清除血液中所有的氮气。

SpaceX didn't want to complicate the process,

SpaceX不想让这个过程变得复杂，

and so choosing a pressure for the suit was a constant fight between safety and mobility. 習語

因此，为宇航服选择压力是在安全性和灵活性之间不断进行的博弈。

SpaceX's suit had to meet NASA's minimum requirements of 40 kilopascals to avoid decompression sickness. 短語搭配

SpaceX的宇航服必须满足NASA至少40千帕的最低要求，以避免减压病。

This is quite high compared to other spacesuits,

与其他宇航服相比，这个数值相当高了，

so we can assume that SpaceX didn't go much higher than that. 語氣意圖

所以我们可以假设SpaceX并没有超出这个数值太多。

The air we breathe on Earth is a mixture of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.

我们在地球上呼吸的空气是21%氧气和78%氮气的混合物。

But since the pressure inside the suit is lower,

但由于宇航服内的压力较低，

the astronauts wouldn't get a sufficient amount of oxygen.

宇航员将无法获得充足的氧气。

Some suits tackle this by making the air inside the suit pure oxygen.

有些宇航服的解决办法是让宇航服内的空气变成纯氧。

The SpaceX suits use a custom air mixture with a higher percentage of oxygen that can be varied automatically by the onboard life support system.

SpaceX宇航服则使用了一种氧气比例更高的定制混合空气，并可以通过机载生命维持系统自动调节。

But it's how this pressure is managed that makes SpaceX's suit even more impressive. 語法

但正是这种压力的管理方式，让SpaceX的宇航服更加令人印象深刻。

Spacesuits typically have multiple valves and pipes on the outside to control the suit's pressure and temperature.

宇航服外部通常有多个阀门和管道来控制宇航服的压力和温度。

SpaceX managed to combine all of these down into just one single port with a hole for air circulation, 短語搭配

SpaceX成功地将所有这些集成到了一个单一的接口中，包含一个用于空气循环的孔，

a power and communications connector,

一个电源和通信连接器，

and a port to quickly inflate the suit during an emergency.

以及一个在紧急情况下快速给宇航服充气的接口。

An umbilical cord connects the suit directly to the astronaut's seat. 用詞

一根脐带线将宇航服直接连接到宇航员的座椅上。

This is where the real magic happens. 習語

这才是真正展现魔力的地方。

Here,

在这里，

there are a series of solenoid valves that automatically control the pressure of the incoming air.

有一系列电磁阀能自动控制进入空气的压力。

A separate valve in the spacecraft allows chilled nitrox to flow into the suit's air duct, 用詞

航天器中的一个独立阀门允许冷却的高氧气体流入宇航服的通风管道，

keeping the suit cool during re-entry.

以在重返大气层期间保持宇航服凉爽。

The pressure and temperature sensors inside the helmet feed the spacecraft with information, 用詞

头盔内部的压力和温度传感器向航天器反馈信息，

allowing it to automate the process.

使其能够实现该过程的自动化。

This level of automation took away the need for astronauts to manually adjust their suit pressure, 短語搭配

这种自动化水平消除了宇航员手动调节宇航服压力的需求，

allowing the designers to get rid of the bulky valves on the outside of the suit.

使设计师能够去掉宇航服外部笨重的阀门。

Not only did this make the suit much lighter than the space shuttle suit, 語法

这不仅使这款宇航服比航天飞机的宇航服轻得多，

but it also made it much easier to put on.

而且也使其更容易穿戴。

On the space shuttle suit,

在航天飞机的宇航服上，

the helmet,

头盔、

gloves,

手套，

and headset were all attached separately using bulky metal rings.

以及耳机都是使用笨重的金属环分开安装的。

On the SpaceX suit,

而在SpaceX的宇航服上，

the gloves and helmet are already attached,

手套和头盔是已经连接好的，

and the headset is integrated into the helmet.

耳机则集成在头盔内部。

All of this means that an astronaut can suit up all by themselves in just a few minutes. 講解

所有这些意味着宇航员可以在短短几分钟内自己穿戴好宇航服。

The space shuttle suit,

相比之下，航天飞机的宇航服，

on the other hand, 表達脈絡

则需要20多分钟，

took more than 20 minutes and required help from several technicians.

还需要几名技术人员的协助。

The SpaceX astronauts may not need any help in this department, 習語

SpaceX的宇航员可能在这方面不需要任何帮助，

but maybe you need help buying Christmas gifts this year.

但也许你今年在购买圣诞礼物时需要帮助。

You could make your friend or loved one feel really special by making them a lord or lady this Christmas. 語法

今年圣诞节，你可以为你朋友或爱人购买领主或夫人头衔，让他们感到与众不同。

Established Titles is a fun and novel way to preserve the natural woodlands of Scotland while helping global reforestation efforts.

Established Titles是一种有趣且新颖的方式，既能保护苏格兰的自然林地，又能助力全球的重新造林工作。

It's based on a historic Scottish custom, 短語搭配

它源于苏格兰的一项历史习俗，

where landowners were referred to as lords or ladies. 短語搭配

即土地所有者被称为领主（lord）或夫人（lady）。

Title packs give you 1 square foot of land on a private estate in Scotland,

头衔礼包会授予你在苏格兰一座私人庄园里1平方英尺的土地，

with an official certificate and crest that contains your unique plot number.

附带官方证书和包含你专属地块编号的徽章。

With this,

有了这个，

you can officially add lord or lady onto your name and have it on documents like credit cards,

你可以正式地在你的名字上加上领主或夫人的头衔，并将其印在诸如信用卡、

passports,

护照，

and plane tickets.

以及机票等文件上。

With every order,

随着每一笔订单，

they plant a tree and work with charities like One Tree Planted and Trees for the Future to support global reforestation.

他们都会种一棵树，并与One Tree Planted和Trees for the Future等慈善机构合作支持全球重新造林。

To get your Christmas gift,

想要获得你的圣诞礼物，

visit establishedtitles.com/primalspace and use the code primalspace to get 10% off. 短語搭配

请访问 establishedtitles.com/primalspace 并使用代码 primalspace 享受9折优惠。

The first 200 people to purchase a title pack using the link below will effectively be next to my plot,

前200名使用下方链接购买头衔礼包的人，其地块将会紧挨着我的地块，

so we will have our own little Primal Space land.

这样我们就会拥有我们自己的小Primal Space领地。

And now,

那么现在，

for the moment you've all been waiting for. 短語搭配

到了大家期待已久的时刻。

The winner of this awesome space shuttle LEGO set is Sarah Hambrick.

这套超酷的航天飞机乐高套装的获胜者是Sarah Hambrick。

Congratulations,

恭喜你，

there is now a space shuttle on its way to your house. 短語搭配

一架航天飞机正在飞往你家的路上。

Sorry if you didn't win,

如果你没有中奖，很遗憾，

but don't worry.

但别担心。

After such a great response on the last video,

在上一期视频获得如此热烈的反响后，

we want to do another giveaway.

我们想再做一次抽奖。

In the next video,

在下期视频中，

we'll be giving away this awesome Saturn 5 LEGO set.

我们将赠送这款超酷的土星5号乐高套装。

All you have to do is sign up at the link below and leave a comment about what you're looking forward to most in the world of space flight. 講解

你只需在下方的链接注册，并留言说明你在航天领域最期待的是什么。

We will announce the winner in next month's video.

我们将在下个月的视频中公布获胜者。

Thank you very much for watching,

非常感谢您的观看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我们下期视频再见。