如何智胜“囚徒困境” - 卢卡斯·休斯泰德：英语精读讲义

哪一项最能说明博弈论语境中 perfectly rational 的含义？

1. 玩家总是选择对所有人最友善的行动。
2. 玩家会始终选择对模型设定的目标来说预期收益最高的可用行动。
3. 玩家每次遇到相同情况时都会随机选择。

哪句话正确使用了句首 Seeing... 短语，使看到情况的人同时也是主句主语？

1. Seeing how tired Maya was, Leo offered to carry her bag.
2. Seeing how tired Maya was, there was an offer to carry her bag.
3. Seeing how tired Maya was, the heavy bag lay on the floor.

用 drive 的正确形式完成句子：Instead of ____ to school, Maya took the bus.

使用 put ... to the test 结构和 our teamwork 完成句子：The difficult climb ____.

用 opt to 的过去式完成句子：After reviewing both proposals, the committee ____ delay the vote.

用 lock in 的被动形式完成句子，表达“正式确定且不能再更改”：Once both sides sign, the price ____ for one year.

哪一句使用第一条件句来表达可能的未来结果？

1. If both players cooperate, they receive a reward every time.
2. If both players cooperate, they will receive a reward.
3. If both players cooperated, they would receive a reward.

哪一句中的 while 主要表示对比，而不是时间？

1. I read a book while I waited for the bus.
2. Leah saved her money, while Max spent all of his.
3. While the rain was falling, we stayed inside.

请填入表示“完整无损”的形容词：The antique clock arrived with all its parts ____.

请补全这个博弈论术语：When individual incentives lead both players to a worse joint outcome than cooperation, the model is called ____.

哪句话自然地使用 figure out 表示“通过思考弄明白”？

1. Can you figure about why the door will not open?
2. Can you figure why out the door will not open?
3. Can you figure out why the door will not open?

哪句话中的 map 表示“系统呈现选择与结果之间的联系”？

1. The team drew a street map for visitors.
2. The team mapped the possible outcomes of each proposal before voting.
3. The team predicted that one proposal would win.

哪一句最清楚地说明了表格如何组织信息？

1. The rows and columns appear beneath the title.
2. The rows represent product categories, and the columns represent the years.
3. The table contains products from several years.

哪一句正确地引出了计量单位？

1. The race time is measured in seconds.
2. The race time is measured from seconds.
3. The race time is measured by seconds.

请用 expect、the battery 和 last，按照 expect + 宾语 + to 不定式结构补全句子：We ____ all day.

在演讲中，哪句话能自然地引入第一个要分析的主题？

1. First, I have already finished the presentation.
2. First, the costs were lower last year.
3. First, let's consider the costs of each plan.

哪一句表示某人逃脱且没有受到惩罚？

1. The thief ran away scot-free because no one could identify him.
2. The thief reached a safe place but was arrested the next day.
3. The thief returned the money and accepted the punishment.

请使用准确结构 No matter what + the manager + decides 完成句子：____, the deadline stays Friday.

哪句话正确描述了 Nash equilibrium？

1. 每个参与者都得到相同的回报。
2. 当其他参与者的策略不变时，任何一方都不能只靠改变自己的策略获益。
3. 整个群体获得了可能的最佳结果。

请用 by、deviate 的 -ing 形式和它通常搭配的介词完成句子：The committee could cut costs ____ the original plan.

哪一句正确使用了 acted accordingly，表示行动与新信息相符？

1. The sign said the bridge was closed, so we acted accidentally and took another road.
2. The sign said the bridge was closed, so we acted accordingly and took another road.
3. The sign said the bridge was closed, so we acted therefore and took another road.

用 run off with 的过去式完成句子：The puppy ____ my scarf before I could catch it.

with just one leg to stand on 的双关是怎样形成的？

1. 这表示他们的论点非常有力，而且没有任何字面意义。
2. 这只是在描述一项单脚平衡练习。
3. 角色真的只剩一条腿，同时这组词还呼应了表示“说法有依据”的习语。

请用表示“故事通常会在此结束”的准确叙事句式补全句子：Normally, ____, but there is one more surprise.

请用 happen to be doing 的过去式完成句子，表示 Mia 是碰巧在看：Mia ____ the security camera when the lights went out.

哪句话自然地使用了 be doomed to？

1. The class is doomed to begin at nine as scheduled.
2. She is doomed to enjoy the surprise party.
3. Without clean water, the crops are doomed to fail.

请用本课表示“从那时起直到两人去世”的六词英文表达完成句子：They remained close friends ____.

在这个表达中，infinite 具体说明什么？

1. 同一个困境不断重复，模型中没有最后一轮。
2. 这个困境只发生一次，但难度极高。
3. 数量不限的囚徒共同作出一次选择。

哪种情境能让 literal game-changer 构成双关？

1. 一条新规则彻底改变了这个游戏的策略。
2. 颜色稍亮一点的游戏板看起来更好看。
3. 一名玩家决定改玩另一个游戏。

请在正确的 use A as B 结构中使用 bargaining chip 完成句子：The supplier used its offer of free delivery ____ to obtain a longer contract.

说话人说 Consider this strategy: 时，主要是在做什么？

1. 说话人在宣布这个策略已经被选定。
2. 说话人正在引出一个策略，让听众加以分析。
3. 说话人在询问是谁创造了这个策略。

用一个词完成句子，使 if 条件扩大到任何可能的时间：If you ____ need help, call this number.

请用 retaliate 的过去式和引出方式的介词完成句子：After the rival team tore down their banner, the club ____ refusing to lend them any equipment.

请用表示“从现在起直到永远”的戏剧化短语完成这个奇幻故事句子：The dragon must guard this cave ____.

用 try 按照 get + 宾语 + to do 结构补全句子：After explaining the benefits, the coach got the players ____ a new strategy.

哪句话中的 sentient 表示“有意识并且能产生感觉”？

1. The glass is sentient because it breaks easily.
2. The film asks whether the robot is truly sentient.
3. This soap is sentient because it irritates my skin.

用确切表达 factor in 完成句子：Before choosing a school, we have to ____ the travel time.

用完整的比较结构 care about A less than ... B 完成句子：I ____ brand loyalty ____ I care about product safety.

用本课的重述标记完成句子：The two routes take the same amount of time. ____, neither route is faster.

哪一句中的“discount”使用了本课所讲的抽象决策含义？

1. People may discount future rewards when a smaller reward is available today.
2. The store discounted the jackets by 20 percent for the weekend.
3. The committee ignored the long-term risk and left it out of the report.

“Inflation can erode the value of savings”是什么意思？

1. 它逐渐减少储蓄能够买到的东西。
2. 它从物理上磨损硬币和纸币。
3. 它立刻让所有钱消失。

在“Mia cares about online points half as much as she cares about real prizes,”中，这个比较是什么意思？

1. Mia 对网络积分的在意程度是对真实奖品的两倍。
2. Mia 对网络积分和真实奖品的在意程度相同。
3. Mia 对网络积分的在意程度，是她对真实奖品在意程度的 50%。

使用表示强烈否定的两个词完成句子：Leo doesn't care about the broken toy ____.

哪一项表示某个值越来越接近 1，但没有说它已经到达 1？

1. delta equals one：这个值正好等于 1
2. delta reaches one：这个值到达 1
3. delta approaches one：这个值越来越接近 1，但可能还不等于 1

At some point in between 在组织信息时起什么作用？

1. 它只把注意力转回第一个端点。
2. 它说明两个端点完全相同。
3. 它把注意力转向某个尚未明确的中间位置或阶段。

请用本条笔记中表示“两种结果中的任何一种仍有可能”的表达补全句子：The vote is tied, so it ____.

把括号中的动词改成并列的 -ing 形式：We improved the room by ____ the walls, ____ the lights, and ____ old furniture. (paint, replace, remove)

使用 yield 的正确形式表示“产生某个结果”：The calculation ____ a value of 24.

请用 as long as 和 at least 完成句子。____ the small tank holds ____ half as much water as the large tank, it meets the requirement.

请使用 optimal 和 it is + adjective + for someone + to do 结构完成句子。Given the weather forecast, ____ the hikers to leave before noon.

请用本课中表示“并非只限于一个群体”的表达完成句子：This challenge ____ new employees; experienced staff face it too.

请用本课中表示“随时间展开”的两个词完成句子：We watched the negotiation ____ over several days.

“Patience may win out in the short term”是什么意思？

1. 耐心已经永久击败了其他所有做法。
2. 耐心可能会在有限的一段时间内成为更占优势的做法。
3. 耐心一定会立即带来成功。

哪种情况最清楚地运用了 incentive 来改变行为？

1. 如果一个班按时归还所有图书馆图书，学校就提供额外的玩耍时间。
2. 学校把去年的班级合影挂在走廊里。
3. 学校统计每个书架上有多少本书。

补全 not only ... but also 结构：The plan is ____ affordable ____ practical.

哪句话使用 As for 从一个话题转向另一个相关话题？

1. As for the budget, we will discuss it tomorrow.
2. As the budget was small, we canceled the trip.
3. We arrived early for the budget meeting.

在一个关于姜饼角色的故事中，their eternity may be pretty crummy 的主要意思是什么？crummy 还产生了什么额外效果？

1. 他们的永恒生活可能会相当糟糕，同时还用碎屑制造了一个笑点。
2. 他们的永恒生活实际上只会由碎屑组成。
3. 他们的永恒生活可能很漂亮，因为碎屑很漂亮。

用本课表示“只要”的三个词目标短语完成句子：____ everyone follows the rules, the game will be fair.

在“I'll go out on a limb and say that our team will win”中，说话人在做什么？

1. 说话人在避免表达任何意见。
2. 说话人正在作出预测，尽管有判断错误的风险。
3. 说话人真的走到了一根树枝上。

在“The committee rejected the half-baked plan”中，half-baked 是什么意思？

1. 这个计划发展不充分，而且没有经过全面考虑。
2. 这个计划涉及烘焙食物。
3. 这个计划准备得很周全，可以立即使用。

请使用 try + 物主词 + hand at 结构完成句子：I've never painted before, but I'd like to ____ watercolor painting.