科索沃是如何建国的？：英语精读讲义

In 2008,

2008年，

Kosovo became Europe's newest country.

科索沃成为了欧洲最年轻的国家。

This small state of 1.8 million people

这个拥有180万人口的小国

emerged as a result of one of Europe's most brutal sectarian conflicts 講解

是欧洲最残酷的宗派冲突之一的结果，

since the Second World War.

这场冲突是自二战以来爆发的。

It was a conflict that pitted an authoritarian nationalist leader,

这场冲突让一位威权主义民族主义领导人，

Slobodan Milošević,

斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇，

when bombing stop,

“当轰炸停止时，”

then it will be very easy to continue political process.

“那么继续政治进程将变得非常容易。”

against Western military power.

与西方的军事力量对立了起来。

We must not allow ethnic cleansing or genocide, 用詞

“我们绝不能允许种族清洗或种族灭绝的发生，”

particularly at the edge of Europe.

“尤其是在欧洲的边缘。”

Today,

今天，

Kosovo is peaceful but poor.

科索沃处于和平状态，但依然贫穷。

Kosovo didn't only transition from war to peace. 表達脈絡

科索沃不仅经历了从战争到和平的过渡。

It was transition now from

这也是一场从

communist country to a capitalist one.

共产主义国家向资本主义国家的过渡。

From a ravaged countryside to the one being rebuilt.

从满目疮痍的乡村向正在重建的乡村的过渡。

Kosovo was part of Serbia from 1912.

科索沃从1912年起就是塞尔维亚的一部分。

Then,

然后，

in 1918,

在1918年，

Serbia became part of what would become Yugoslavia. 語法

塞尔维亚成为了后来的南斯拉夫的一部分。

Serbs considered and say that Kosovo is their Jerusalem. 習語

塞尔维亚人认为并且声称科索沃是他们的耶路撒冷。

It was a sort of heart of Serbia.

它就像是塞尔维亚的心脏。

To this day, 短語搭配

时至今日，

Kosovo is still divided along ethnic lines. 短語搭配

科索沃仍然因种族界线而处于分裂状态。

Over 90% of its population are ethnic Albanians,

其超过90%的人口是阿尔巴尼亚族，

who are mostly Muslim.

他们大多是穆斯林。

Serbs,

而塞尔维亚族，

who are Orthodox Christians,

他们是东正教徒，

account for about 5%. 短語搭配

约占5%。

This is the southern city of Pristina,

这是南部城市普里什蒂纳，

capital of Kosovo province.

科索沃省的首府。

Throughout the 1980s,

在整个20世纪80年代，

Kosovo enjoyed autonomy within Serbia. 用詞

科索沃在塞尔维亚内部享有自治权。

But the majority ethnic Albanian population wanted more political freedom.

但占多数的阿尔巴尼亚族人口想要更多的政治自由。

Kosovo Albanian nationalism was growing.

科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族的民族主义日益高涨。

There were demands that Kosovo become a republic. 語法

有人要求科索沃成为一个共和国。

Kosovo Serbs began to complain,

科索沃的塞尔维亚族人开始抱怨，

saying that they were threatened.

称他们受到了威胁。

But there was one man standing in the way of Kosovo Albanians, 習語

但是有一个人挡在了科索沃阿尔巴尼亚人的面前，

Slobodan Milošević,

他就是斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇，

the leader of the Serbian Communist Party.

塞尔维亚共产党的领导人。

Milošević wanted to keep Kosovo as part of Serbia.

米洛舍维奇想让科索沃继续作为塞尔维亚的一部分。

He rallied the minority Serb population and further divided Kosovo. 用詞

他团结了少数的塞尔维亚族人口，并进一步分裂了科索沃。

Slobodan Milošević used the Kosovo Serb issue to take power and to play the nationalist card, 習語

斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇利用科索沃塞族问题夺取政权并大打民族主义牌，

which was to propel him to full power within Serbia. 語法

这使他在塞尔维亚国内掌握了绝对权力。

In 1989,

1989年，

Milošević became president of Serbia,

米洛舍维奇成为塞尔维亚总统，

and within weeks placed Kosovo back under the direct control of his Serbian government. 短語搭配

并在几周内将科索沃重新置于其塞尔维亚政府的直接控制之下。

Petrit Selimi was growing up in Kosovo at the time.

当时的佩特里特·塞利米正在科索沃长大。

He and his family belonged to the ethnic Albanian majority.

他和他的家人属于占多数的阿尔巴尼亚族。

When Milošević came to power, 短語搭配

“当米洛舍维奇上台时，”

we lost our status,

“我们失去了我们的地位，”

our political rights were lost, 表達脈絡

“我们失去了政治权利，”

our economic freedoms were lost,

“我们失去了经济自由，”

and our education rights were lost.

“我们也失去了受教育的权利。”

As communism collapsed across Central and Eastern Europe, 語法

随着共产主义在中欧和东欧的崩溃，

Yugoslavia began to disintegrate.

南斯拉夫开始解体。

From 1991,

从1991年起，

its republics declared independence.

其加盟共和国纷纷宣布独立。

Wars broke out in Slovenia, 短語動詞

战争在斯洛文尼亚、

Croatia,

克罗地亚

and Bosnia

和波斯尼亚爆发，

as ethnic Serbs living in these new countries opposed independence.

因为居住在这些新国家的塞尔维亚族人反对独立。

Milošević wanted to carve a Greater Serbia out of the ruins. 習語

米洛舍维奇想在废墟中建立一个“大塞尔维亚”。

So he sent his troops to support Serbs in these conflicts.

因此，他派遣军队去支持这些冲突中的塞尔维亚族人。

During this turbulent time,

在这个动荡的时期，

Kosovo's political leadership declared independence too,

科索沃的政治领导层也宣布独立，

but this was ignored by Serbia and the international community.

但这被塞尔维亚和国际社会所忽视。

In the late 1990s,

在20世纪90年代末，

a guerrilla group,

一个游击队组织，

the Kosovo Liberation Army, 文化背景

科索沃解放军，

or KLA,

即KLA，

began to attack Serbian police units.

开始袭击塞尔维亚警察部队。

Its aim was to win independence through force.

其目的是通过武力赢得独立。

It was a mixture of excitement

“那是一种混合了兴奋”

but fear that something big is about to unfold. 語法

“和恐惧的情绪，感觉有大事即将发生。”

Milošević sent more Serbian security forces into Kosovo to defeat the KLA.

米洛舍维奇派遣了更多塞尔维亚安全部队进入科索沃以击败科索沃解放军。

The Serbian security forces and the Yugoslav army were pretty brutal. 用詞

“塞尔维亚安全部队和南斯拉夫军队非常残暴。”

I mean,

“我的意思是，”

the KLA was quite brutal as well,

“科索沃解放军也相当残暴，”

but the overwhelming preponderance of force, 用詞

“但压倒性的武力优势，”

of course,

“毫无疑问，”

was on the side of the Serbian security forces.

“是在塞尔维亚安全部队那一边的。”

On January the 15th, 1999,

1999年1月15日，

Serb forces attacked the village of Račak,

塞尔维亚军队袭击了拉察克村，

killing 45 Kosovo Albanian civilians. 語法

杀害了45名科索沃阿族平民。

Račak massacre was a turning point because as soon as the massacre unfolded, 習語

“拉察克大屠杀是一个转折点，因为大屠杀一发生，”

people were there,

“人们就在那里，”

Western journalists,

“西方记者、”

observers,

“观察员，”

seeing the dead bodies and calling it what it was, 語氣意圖

“看到了尸体，并如实地称之为——”

a crime against humanity. 文化背景

“反人类罪。”

As Serbian forces retook territory from the KLA,

随着塞尔维亚军队从科索沃解放军手中夺回领土，

thousands of Kosovo Albanians fled their homes.

成千上万的科索沃阿尔巴尼亚人逃离家园。

The images shocked the world.

这些画面震惊了世界。

At a peace conference in France,

在法国举行的一场和平会议上，

Western powers gave Serbia and Kosovo Albanians an ultimatum. 短語搭配

西方大国向塞尔维亚和科索沃的阿尔巴尼亚人下达了最后通牒。

Accept a peace deal or face military action. 語氣意圖

接受和平协议，否则将面临军事行动。

We're not interested in a partial agreement. 表達脈絡

“我们对部分协议不感兴趣。”

We're interested in a settlement that works.

“我们感兴趣的是行之有效的解决方案。”

The Serbs rejected the deal.

塞尔维亚人拒绝了该协议。

We are not talking to Albanians.

“我们不是在和阿尔巴尼亚人谈判。”

We are talking to Americans,

“我们是在和美国人谈判，”

who would like to take our territory for themselves and for NATO.

“他们想为了自己和北约夺走我们的领土。”

And Albanians were just excuse for them.

“而阿尔巴尼亚人只是他们的借口。”

NATO resolved to punish Milošević and his army and began air strikes on Serb military targets in Kosovo and throughout Serbia itself. 用詞

北约决定惩罚米洛舍维奇及其军队，并开始对科索沃和整个塞尔维亚境内的塞军目标进行空袭。

It is about creating the kind of world 語法

“这关乎建立这样一个世界：”

where an innocent people are not singled out for repression, 講解

“在这里，无辜的人们不会因为他们的宗教和种族血统，”

for expulsion,

“而遭到镇压、”

for destruction,

“遭到驱逐、”

just because of their religious and ethnic heritage.

“遭到毁灭。”

During the war,

“在战争期间，”

my parents,

“我的父母、”

my brother fled the neighborhood.

“我的兄弟逃离了街区。”

We were kicked out by paramilitaries. 短語動詞

“我们被准军事组织赶了出来。”

They were hiding in the forest.

“他们躲在森林里。”

I didn't know for several days are they alive or not. 語法

“我好几天都不知道他们是死是活。”

After 78 days of bombing and hundreds of civilian deaths,

经过78天的轰炸和数百名平民的死亡，

Serbia capitulated.

塞尔维亚投降了。

Milošević withdrew his forces from Kosovo. 短語搭配

米洛舍维奇从科索沃撤军。

NATO tanks rolled in and Petrit was reunited with his family. 講解

北约坦克开了进来，佩特里特与家人团聚了。

As Kosovo Albanians returned,

随着科索沃阿族人的回归，

tens of thousands of ethnic Serbs fled north to Serbia. 語法

成千上万的塞尔维亚族人向北逃往塞尔维亚。

It would be another nine years before Kosovo finally declared independence. 語法

直到九年后，科索沃才最终宣布独立。

Today,

今天，

Kosovo has a rough-and-ready democracy and a growing economy, 用詞

科索沃拥有一个粗放但尚能运转的民主制度和不断增长的经济，

but unemployment is high at 33%.

但失业率高达33%。

In recent years,

近年来，

clashes caused by ethnic tension have erupted on occasions. 語法

由种族紧张局势引起的冲突时有发生。

Today,

今天，

most Kosovo Serbs consider themselves citizens of Serbia. 語法

大多数科索沃塞族人认为自己是塞尔维亚公民。

They don't recognize the Kosovo state and they don't feel a part of it.

他们不承认科索沃国家，也不觉得自己是其中的一部分。

External pressure could improve those strained relations. 短語搭配

外部压力可能会改善这种紧张的关系。

Both Kosovo and Serbia are working to join the European Union.

科索沃和塞尔维亚都在努力加入欧盟。

I don't think either of us will be able to join the European family

“我不认为我们任何一方能够加入欧洲大家庭，”

until we sort out the issues with each other. 短語動詞

“除非我们解决好彼此之间的问题。”

Dialogue is the only way we can move forward. 表達脈絡

“对话是我们能够向前迈进的唯一途径。”

If Kosovo and Serbia are to become EU member states, 語法

如果科索沃和塞尔维亚要成为欧盟成员国，

their governments and peoples will have to work together and bury their bloody past. 習語

他们的政府和人民就必须共同努力，埋葬他们血腥的过去。