心理治疗 - 西格蒙德·弗洛伊德：英语精读讲义

This is a thinker,

这是一位思想家，

who helps us understand why our lives and relationships

他帮助我们理解为什么我们的生活和人际关系

are full of so much confusion and pain.

充满了如此多的困惑和痛苦。

He tells us why life is hard and how to cope.

他告诉我们为什么生活如此艰难以及如何应对。

His own life incurred a lot of anxieties.

他自己的生活也充满了许多焦虑。

Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born to a middle-class Jewish family in 1856.

西格蒙德·什洛莫·弗洛伊德于1856年出生于一个中产阶级犹太家庭。

His professional life was not an immediate success.

他的职业生涯并非一蹴而就。

As a medical student,

作为一个医学生，

he dissected hundreds of eels

他解剖了数百条鳗鱼，

in an unsuccessful attempt to locate their reproductive organs. 短語搭配

试图找到它们的生殖器官，但未获成功。

He promoted cocaine as a medical drug,

他曾推广可卡因作为医用药物，

but it turned out to be a dangerous and addictive idea. 短語動詞

但这后来被证明是一个危险且容易让人上瘾的想法。

A few years later,

几年后，

he founded the discipline that would ultimately make his name. 習語

他创立了一门最终让他名声大噪的学科。

A new psychological medicine he called psychoanalysis.

他称这种新的心理医学为“精神分析”。

The landmark study was his 1900 book The Interpretation of Dreams.

这项具有里程碑意义的研究就是他在1900年出版的《梦的解析》。

Many others followed.

之后他又出版了许多著作。

Despite his success,

尽管取得了成功，

he was often unhappy.

他却经常感到不快乐。

During some particularly strenuous research,

在进行一项特别艰苦的研究时，

he recorded,

他记录道：

"The chief patient I am preoccupied with is myself." 短語搭配

“我最主要关注的病人就是我自己。”

He was convinced he would die between 61 and 62

他深信自己会在61到62岁之间死去，

and had great phobias about those numbers,

并对这两个数字有极大的恐惧，

although he actually died much later at the age of 83.

尽管他实际上直到83岁才去世。

Perhaps because of his frustrations,

也许正是因为他的这些挫折，

Freud achieved a series of deep insights into the sources of human unhappiness. 短語搭配

弗洛伊德对人类不快乐的根源产生了一系列深刻的见解。

He proposed that we are all driven by the pleasure principle,

他提出我们都被“快乐原则”所驱使，

which inclines us towards easy physical and emotional rewards 短語搭配

这使我们倾向于追求轻松的身体和情感上的满足，

and away from unpleasant things like drudgery and discipline.

而逃避像苦差事和纪律这样令人不快的事情。

As infants,

在婴儿时期，

we are guided more or less solely according to the pleasure principle,

我们或多或少都完全受快乐原则的引导，

Freud argued.

弗洛伊德认为。

But it will,

但如果，

if adhered to without constraints, 語法

毫无约束地坚持这一原则，

lead us to dangerous reckless things

就会导致我们做出危险而鲁莽的事情，

like never doing any work or eating too much or, most notoriously,

比如从不工作、暴饮暴食，或者最臭名昭著的，

trying to sleep with members of our own family.

试图与我们自己的家庭成员发生性关系。

We need to adjust to what Freud called the reality principle.

我们需要适应弗洛伊德所谓的“现实原则”。

Though we all have to bow to this reality principle, 習語

虽然我们都必须向这个现实原则低头，

Freud believed that there were better or worse kinds of adaptations.

但弗洛伊德认为，这种适应有好有坏。

He called the troublesome ones neuroses.

他把那些麻烦的适应称为“神经症”。

Neuroses are the result of faulty negotiations with,

神经症是错误妥协的结果，

or, in Freud's language, 表達脈絡

或者用弗洛伊德的话说，

repression of the pleasure principle.

是对快乐原则的压抑。

Freud described a conflict between three parts of our minds,

弗洛伊德描述了我们头脑中三个部分之间的冲突，

the id, driven by the pleasure principle,

受快乐原则驱使的“本我”，

and the superego,

以及“超我”，

driven by a desire to follow the rules

它受到遵守规则的渴望的驱使，

and do the right thing according to society,

并根据社会要求做正确的事，

and the ego,

还有“自我”，

which has to somehow accommodate between the other two.

它必须以某种方式在另外两者之间进行调和。

To understand more about these dynamics,

为了进一步了解这些动态，

Freud urged us to think back to the origins of our neuroses in childhood. 短語動詞

弗洛伊德敦促我们回想童年时期神经症的根源。

As we grow up,

在成长的过程中，

we go through what Freud termed the oral phase,

我们会经历弗洛伊德所谓的“口欲期”，

where we deal with all the feelings around ingestion and eating.

在这个阶段，我们处理围绕摄食和吃东西的所有感受。

If our parents aren't careful,

如果我们的父母不小心，

we might pick up all kinds of neuroses here. 短語動詞

我们可能会在这里沾染上各种神经症。

We might take pleasure in refusing food

我们可能会从拒绝食物中获得快感，

or turn to food to calm ourselves down 短語動詞

或者转而用食物来安抚自己，

or hate the idea of depending on anyone else for food.

或者讨厌依赖别人获取食物的想法。

Then comes the anal phase,

接着是“肛欲期”，

which is closely aligned with what we now call potty training. 短語搭配

这与我们现在所说的如厕训练密切相关。

During this period,

在这个时期，

our parents tell us what to do and when to go.

我们的父母告诉我们该做什么以及什么时候去洗手间。

At this phase,

在这个阶段，

we begin to learn about testing the limits of authority. 短語搭配

我们开始学习试探权威的底线。

Again,

同样，

if things go wrong here,

如果这个阶段出了问题，

if we don't feel that authority is benign enough,

如果我们觉得权威不够宽容，

we might, for example,

我们可能会，例如，

choose to withhold,

出于挑衅，

out of defiance. 短語搭配

选择憋着不排泄。

Then, as adults,

那么，在成年后，

we might become anally retentive, 用詞

我们可能会变得具有“肛门滞留型”人格，

in other words, 表達脈絡

换言之，

not able to give or to surrender.

就是无法付出或屈服。

Next comes the phallic phase,

接下来是“性器期”，

which goes on until about the age of six.

这个阶段一直持续到大约六岁。

Freud shocked his contemporaries by insisting that little children have sexual feelings. 語法

弗洛伊德坚持认为小孩子也有性冲动，这震惊了他的同时代人。

Moreover,

此外，

in the phallic phase,

在性器期，

children direct their sexual impulses towards their parents,

孩子们会将他们的性冲动指向父母，

the most immediately available and gratifying people around.

因为他们是最容易接触到并能带来满足感的人。

Freud famously described what he called the Oedipus complex, 文化背景

弗洛伊德著名的描述了他所谓的“俄狄浦斯情结”，

where we are unconsciously predisposed towards being in love with the one 短語搭配

即我们会潜意识地倾向于爱上其中一个

parent and hating the other.

父母，并憎恨另一个。

What is complex is that no matter how much our parents love us, 語法

复杂的是，无论父母多么爱我们，

they cannot extend this to sexual life

他们都无法将这种爱延伸到性生活上，

and will always have to have another life with a partner.

并且总是不得不和伴侣过着另一种生活。

This makes our young selves feel dangerously jealous and angry

这让我们年幼的自己感到危险的嫉妒和愤怒，

and also ashamed and guilty about this anger.

同时也对这种愤怒感到羞耻和内疚。

The complex provides a huge amount of internalized worry for a small child.

这种情结给小孩子带来了巨大的内化担忧。

Ultimately,

最终，

most of us experience some form of confusion around our parents

我们大多数人都会在父母身上经历某种形式的困惑，

that later ties into our ideas of love. 短語動詞

这种困惑后来与我们的爱情观联系在一起。

Mom and Dad may both give us love,

爸爸妈妈可能都给了我们爱，

but they often mix it in with disturbed behavior.

但他们往往将爱与不正常的行为混合在一起。

Yet, because we love them,

然而，因为我们爱他们，

we remain loyal to them and also to their bizarre destructive patterns.

我们依然忠诚于他们，同时也忠于他们古怪且具有破坏性的行为模式。

For example,

例如，

if our mother is cold,

如果我们的母亲冷漠，

we will be apt nevertheless to long for her,

我们仍然可能会渴望她，

and as a result,

结果是，

however,

然而，

we may be prone to always associate love with a certain distance. 短語搭配

我们可能会倾向于总是将爱与一定的距离感联系起来。

Naturally,

自然而然地，

the result is very difficult adult relationships.

其结果是导致成年后非常艰难的人际关系。

Often,

通常，

the kind of love we've learned from Mom and Dad

我们从父母那里学到的那种爱

means we can't fuse sex and love

意味着我们无法将性和爱融合在一起，

because the people we learned about love from

因为那些教会我们爱的人

are also those we were blocked from having sex with.

也是那些我们被禁止与之发生性关系的人。

We might find that the more in love with someone we are, 語法

我们可能会发现，我们越爱一个人，

the harder it becomes to make love to them.

就越难与他们做爱。

This can reach a pitch of crisis after a few years of marriage and some kids.

这在结婚几年并有了几个孩子之后可能会达到危机的顶点。

Freud compared the issues we so often have with intimacy 表達脈絡

弗洛伊德将我们经常遇到的亲密关系问题

to hedgehogs in the winter.

比作冬天的刺猬。

They need to cuddle for warmth,

它们需要拥抱取暖，

but they also can't come too close because they're prickly.

但又不能靠得太近，因为它们身上有刺。

There's no easy solution.

这没有简单的解决办法。

Freud says we can't make ourselves fully rational

弗洛伊德说，我们无法让自己变得完全理性，

and we can't change society either.

我们也无法改变社会。

In his 1930 book Civilization and Its Discontents, 文化背景

在他1930年出版的《文明及其不满》一书中，

Freud wrote that society provides us with many things,

弗洛伊德写道，社会为我们提供了许多东西，

but it does this by imposing heavy dictates upon us,

但它是通过将沉重的指令强加于我们来实现的，

insisting that we sleep with only a few,

坚持要求我们只能与少数人，

usually one other person,

通常是另一个人睡觉，

imposing the incest taboo,

强加乱伦禁忌，

requiring us to put off all our immediate desires, 短語動詞

要求我们推迟所有眼前的欲望，

demanding that we follow authority and work to make money.

要求我们服从权威并努力赚钱。

Societies themselves are neurotic.

社会本身就是神经质的。

That is how they function 表達脈絡

那就是它们的运作方式，

and that's why there are constant wars and other political troubles.

这也是为什么会有持续不断的战争和其他政治动荡的原因。

Freud attempted to invent a treatment for our many neuroses.

弗洛伊德试图为我们众多的神经症发明一种治疗方法。

He called it psychoanalysis.

他称之为精神分析。

He thought that with a little proper analysis,

他认为，通过稍微恰当的分析，

people could uncover what ails them 用詞

人们可以发现自己的病因，

and better adjust to the difficulties of reality.

更好地适应现实的困难。

In his sessions,

在他的诊疗中，

he analyzed a number of key things.

他分析了一些关键的事情。

He looked at people's dreams,

他研究人们的梦，

which he saw as expressions of wish fulfillments.

他将其视为愿望实现的表达。

He also looked at parapraxes,

他还研究了动作失误，

or slips of the tongue.

或者口误。

We now call these revealing mistakes Freudian slips, 文化背景

我们现在把这些具有揭示意义的错误称为“弗洛伊德式错误”，

like when we write thigh when we wanted to write though.

比如当我们想写“though”时，却写成了“thigh”。

He also liked to think about jokes.

他还喜欢思考笑话。

He believed that jokes often help us make fun of something symbolic like death or marriage 習語

他认为笑话往往能帮助我们拿像死亡或婚姻这样具有象征意义的事物开玩笑，

and thus relieve some of our anxiety about these topics. 短語搭配

从而缓解我们对这些话题的一些焦虑。

There's a temptation to say that Freud just made everything up 講解

人们很容易会说，弗洛伊德只是在胡编乱造，

and life isn't quite so hard as he makes it out to be. 短語動詞

生活并没有他说的那么艰难。

But then one morning we find ourselves filled with inexplicable anger towards our partner

但是，某天早晨，我们发现自己对伴侣充满了莫名其妙的愤怒，

or running high with unrelenting anxiety on the train to work

或者在上班的火车上充满了挥之不去的焦虑，

and we're reminded all over again

这再次提醒了我们，

just how elusive, difficult, and Freudian our mental workings actually are. 語法

我们的心理活动实际上是多么难以捉摸、多么复杂、多么“弗洛伊德”。

We could still reject his work, of course,

当然，我们仍然可以拒绝他的作品，

but as Freud said,

但正如弗洛伊德所说，

"No one who disdains the key will ever be able to unlock the door." 習語

“那些鄙视钥匙的人永远无法打开那扇门。”

We could all use a bit more of Freud's ideas 短語搭配

我们都可以多借鉴一些弗洛伊德的思想，

to help us unpick ourselves. 習語

来帮助我们解开自己的心结。