你的纹身实际上就在你的免疫系统里！：英语精读讲义

Your tattoos are inside your immune system, literally.

你的纹身其实是在你的免疫系统里面，字面意思。

With each very tasteful piece of art,

随着每一件极具品味的艺术品的诞生，

you kickstart a drama with millions of deaths, 習語

你开启了一场伴随着数百万次死亡、

grand sacrifices,

巨大牺牲的戏剧场面，

and your immune system stepping in to protect you from yourself. 短語動詞

你的免疫系统也会介入，保护你免受你自己的伤害。

Let's give you a tattoo and zoom in to see what happens inside your skin.

让我们来给你纹个身，然后放大看看你的皮肤里会发生什么。

The conveyor belt of death. 習語

死亡传送带。

Your skin has to solve a huge problem.

你的皮肤必须解决一个巨大的问题。

It's your largest organ and has the most direct contact with the world around you.

它是你最大的器官，与周围世界的接触最为直接。

Trillions of microbes, dirt, insects,

数以万亿计的微生物、污垢、昆虫，

and vermin can't be allowed to get inside you. 語法

还有害虫绝不能被允许进入你的体内。

But your skin is also constantly damaged by you moving through the world.

但是随着你在世间活动，你的皮肤也在不断受损。

Your body solved this by making your skin a conveyor belt of death.

为了解决这个问题，你的身体把皮肤变成了一条死亡传送带。

All the skin you see is actually dead stuff.

你看到的所有皮肤其实都是死皮。

The alive part of your skin cells begins around 1 mm deep in the skin industrial complex.

皮肤细胞活着的部分始于这个皮肤工业区大约1毫米深的地方。

Stem cells constantly clone themselves,

干细胞不断地克隆自己，

producing new skin cells that begin a journey from the inside to the outside. 語法

产生新的皮肤细胞，这些细胞开始了由内向外的旅程。

Each new generation pushes the older ones further up.

每一代新细胞都会把老细胞进一步往上推。

As your skin cells mature,

随着你的皮肤细胞成熟，

they interlock with each other and produce lamellar bodies,

它们相互交织，产生板层小体，

tiny bags that squirt out fat to create a waterproof coat that closes any gaps between them.

这些挤出脂肪的小囊创造了一层防水外套，封闭了它们之间的缝隙。

And then they dry out and kill themselves, 短語動詞

然后它们干瘪并自我凋亡，

merging together into inseparable lumps.

融合在一起，变成了不可分割的肿块。

This wall of dead corpses is consistently pushed upwards.

这堵由死尸组成的墙被不断向上推。

Up to 50 layers of dead cells cover your whole body 短語搭配

多达50层的死细胞覆盖着你的全身，

and are constantly replaced by new cells moving up.

并且不断被向上移动的新细胞所取代。

Every hour, you shed around 200 million dead skin cells

每个小时，你都会脱落大约2亿个死皮细胞，

and all the dirt or bacteria that are stuck to them. 短語搭配

以及附着在它们上面的所有污垢或细菌。

Tattooing this part of your skin would be useless,

在皮肤的这一层纹身毫无用处，

as nothing would stick around. 短語動詞

因为什么都留不住。

We need to go deeper.

我们需要深入一点。

When the fleshy world explodes.

当血肉世界发生爆炸时。

Below the conveyor belt of death lies the dermis. 語法

在死亡传送带下方是真皮层。

It's full of structural tissue and cells,

它充满了结构组织和细胞，

tiny blood vessels,

微小的血管，

sensory cells that report to nerve endings,

向神经末梢报告的感觉细胞，

the roots of your hairs,

你的毛发根部，

sweat glands regulating your temperature,

调节体温的汗腺，

and of course,

当然，

loads of immune cells

还有大量的免疫细胞，

guarding your flesh right below the moving border wall.

就在这道移动的边界墙正下方守卫着你的血肉。

This region and below is where your new tattoo will go.

这个区域及其下方，就是你的新纹身要扎进去的地方。

Okay,

好了，

ready?

准备好了吗？

The world explodes.

世界爆炸了。

Half a dozen monoliths the size of skyscrapers

半打摩天大楼般大小的巨石，

slam through the 50 layers of dead cells deep into the dermis,

猛地穿透50层死细胞，深入真皮层，

ripping huge holes into the skin,

在皮肤上撕开巨大的洞，

only to retreat and smash through the tissue again about twice a second. 語法

紧接着退回，再以每秒约两次的速度再次击穿组织。

Tens of thousands of cells are violently killed right away,

数万个细胞立刻被暴力杀死，

ripped into pieces,

被撕成碎片，

or damaged beyond repair. 短語搭配

或者是受到了无法修复的损伤。

Luckily,

幸运的是，

you did your research and chose a responsible tattoo artist 短語搭配

你做足了功课，选择了一位负责任的纹身师，

who properly disinfected their tools and your skin.

并且认真给工具和你的皮肤消了毒。

But you only ever get 99.9% of all bacteria,

但你最多只能消灭99.9%的细菌，

and some of the survivors made it into your flesh. 短語動詞

一些幸存者进入了你的血肉之中。

To put it mildly, 表達脈絡

委婉地说，

your immune system is not amused at all. 語氣意圖

你的免疫系统对此非常不爽。

All the death and destruction wakes up hundreds of thousands of macrophages in your dermis 短語動詞

所有的死亡和破坏唤醒了真皮层中数十万的巨噬细胞，

that rush into the open wounds to defend you.

它们冲向开放的伤口来保卫你。

Immediately,

立刻，

they start killing bacteria,

它们开始杀死细菌，

release chemicals that call for reinforcements, 短語搭配

释放化学物质呼叫增援，

and order your blood vessels to open up and make your dermis swell up with fluid.

并命令你的血管扩张，让真皮层因充满液体而肿胀。

But worse than the hundreds of wounds and a few invaders 語法

但比数百个伤口和少数入侵者更糟的，

is the tidal wave of chemicals that floods your tissue. 習語

是淹没你组织的化学物质海啸。

Tattoo ink can be made from hundreds of substances,

纹身墨水可以由数百种物质制成，

some may even be toxic or carcinogenic.

其中一些甚至可能有毒或致癌。

Most are from heavy metals like lead, nickel, or chromium

大多数是由铅、镍或铬等重金属

dissolved in distilled water.

溶解在蒸馏水中制成的。

The battlefield is now a wild mix of dead cell parts,

战场现在变成了各种东西疯狂的混合物：

a few panicked bacteria,

死细胞碎片，一些惊慌失措的细菌，

blood and bodily fluids,

血液和体液，

platelet cells trying to close wounds,

试图闭合伤口的血小板细胞，

more and more fresh immune cells,

越来越多的生力军免疫细胞，

and the flood of tattoo ink.

以及泛滥的纹身墨水。

On the scale of your cells,

在你细胞的尺度上，

clumps of ink particles are huge.

成团的墨水颗粒是巨大的。

If you were the size of a cell,

如果你有细胞那么大，

they'd range from big dogs to small office buildings. 語法

它们的大小大概就介于大型犬到小型办公楼之间。

Your immune system has one main job:

你的免疫系统有一项主要工作：

identify what is not you and smash it until it's dead.

识别非自身的东西，并猛烈攻击直到将其消灭。

The macrophages are desperately trying to do that.

巨噬细胞拼命地试图做到这一点。

Like tiny octopuses, 表達脈絡

就像小章鱼一样，

they extend arm-like structures

它们伸出触手般的结构，

and begin pulling the ink particles inside.

开始把墨水颗粒拉入体内。

Usually,

通常情况下，

when a macrophage has eaten an enemy,

当巨噬细胞吃掉敌人后，

it showers it in acid to dissolve it. 用詞

它们会给它洗个酸液浴以溶解它。

But this doesn't work with the ink.

但这对墨水没用。

They try and try,

它们试了又试，

but nothing works.

却毫无作用。

The particles don't react in any way.

这些颗粒没有任何反应。

And this is just the particles small enough to be devoured. 語法

而这还仅仅是那些小到足以被吞噬的颗粒。

By now,

此时，

the larger chunks are surrounded by thousands of your structural skin cells

较大的块状物被数千个结构性皮肤细胞，

and macrophages that are nomming on them, 用詞

还有正在疯狂啃食它们的巨噬细胞包围，

bathing them in acid and attack chemicals,

把它们浸泡在酸液和攻击性化学物质中，

trying to destroy and kill them.

试图摧毁并杀死它们。

But they're not moving even a tiny bit.

但它们丝毫没有动摇。

Nothing works.

什么方法都行不通。

Finally,

最终，

your immune system has to concede.

你的免疫系统不得不妥协。

It will not win this fight,

它赢不了这场战斗，

so it does the next best thing: 表達脈絡

所以它退而求其次：

not lose.

至少不能输。

Your cells don't know how dangerous these metals and chemicals are,

你的细胞不知道这些金属和化学物质有多危险，

but they can at least not let them spread around. 語法

但它们至少能做到不让其扩散。

So they just stay in place.

于是它们就留在原地。

They vacuum up all the particles they can fit into their bodies 短語動詞

它们尽己所能把所有能塞进体内的颗粒吸进去，

and surround the larger ones,

然后围住较大的颗粒，

trapping them in the only prison they can build themselves.

将其困在它们唯一能自己建造的监狱里。

Bit by bit, 短語搭配

一点一点地，

the ink inside thousands of tiny wounds

数千个小伤口里的墨水，

moves inside millions of immune cells

转移到了数百万个免疫细胞体内，

that freeze in place forever.

并永远冻结在原地。

On the outside,

在外面，

you don't notice any of this.

你完全注意不到这些。

Your new tattoo is fresh and the colors vibrant.

你的新纹身很鲜活，色彩鲜艳。

Your skin hurts and is irritated and swollen,

你的皮肤疼痛、红肿且发炎，

but wounds heal,

但是伤口在愈合，

tiny holes close,

小洞在合拢，

dead cells are replaced.

死细胞被替换。

Bit by bit,

一点一点地，

the conveyor belt of death does its job,

死亡传送带完成着它的工作，

shedding dead cells ripe in color,

脱落那些带有色彩的死细胞，

replacing them with fresh and clean ones.

替换成干净清爽的新细胞。

Your tattoo becomes a little less vibrant

你的纹身变得不那么鲜艳了，

now the ink is no longer on your skin,

因为现在墨水已不再在你的皮肤表面，

but inside it.

而是在它里面了。

But what you're really seeing is millions of your macrophages 語法

但你真正看到的，是数百万个巨噬细胞，

sitting in your dermis patiently holding the ink in place,

驻扎在你的真皮层里，耐心地把墨水固定在原位，

protecting your body from poison.

保护你的身体免受毒害。

Your immune system is why your tattoo is forever.

你的免疫系统才是纹身成为永恒的原因。

Actually, nothing is forever.

事实上，没有什么是永恒的。

Over time,

随着时间的推移，

your macrophages get old and die,

你的巨噬细胞会变老死去，

and new ones come in to gobble up the ink 短語動詞

而新的巨噬细胞会进来吞噬墨水，

and keep it in place.

让其保持在原位。

But sometimes,

但有时候，

a tiny bit of ink escapes.

一小部分墨水会逃脱。

Most of it is recaptured and locked in place,

绝大部分会被重新捕获并锁定在原位，

but not always the exact same place.

但并不总是在完全相同的位置。

You notice that as your tattoo fades out a bit 短語動詞

你会注意到，随着你的纹身褪色，

and turns less sharp and crisp at its edges.

它的边缘会变得不那么清晰锐利。

Some of the ink escapes the tattoo entirely.

有些墨水甚至完全逃离了纹身。

It rides fluids flowing from your tissue

它们乘着你组织中流动的体液，

and spreads around your body,

扩散到你的全身，

another reason why tattoo ink should ideally not be poison.

这是为什么纹身墨水最好不要有毒的另一个原因。

Your immune system also kind of doesn't want you to remove tattoos.

你的免疫系统其实也有点不想让你洗掉纹身。

To do that, usually, the ink is shot at with lasers,

为了做到这一点，通常会用激光照射墨水，

which heats up particles until they break into smaller chunks,

这会加热颗粒直到它们破裂成更小的碎块，

cooking your brave macrophages in the process.

同时在这个过程中把你勇敢的巨噬细胞煮熟。

With every round of lasering,

每进行一轮激光照射，

more of your tattoo is broken down and carried away by fluids.

都有更多的纹身被分解并被体液带走。

But also,

但同时，

every time new macrophages rush into the tattoo

每次也都有新的巨噬细胞冲进纹身区，

to lock the ink in place.

去把墨水锁定在原位。

So like,

所以呢，

hm,

嗯，

maybe think about it carefully

也许你应该仔细考虑一下，

before you get the name of your new bae tattooed.

再把你新欢的名字纹上身。

But you do you. 語氣意圖

不过你开心就好。

But if you got one,

但如果你已经纹了，

you can directly see your immune system protecting you.

你就能直接看到你的免疫系统在保护你。

This is how much your body loves you,

这就是你的身体有多爱你，

which is kind of sweet.

这还挺窝心的。

And while tattoos are probably not that big of a deal for your body if applied correctly, 講解

尽管如果操作正确，纹身对你的身体来说可能并不是什么大不了的事，

you now know about the struggle going on inside your skin

但现在你知道了在你皮肤下正在进行的斗争，

and the sacrifice of your macrophage buddies,

以及你的巨噬细胞兄弟们的牺牲，

only for you to have that art forever.

只是为了让你永远拥有那件艺术品。

To appreciate your amazing immune system,

要想欣赏你神奇的免疫系统，

you have to know about it first,

你首先得了解它，

and the same goes for anything going on in our universe. 短語搭配

我们宇宙中发生的一切也是如此。

To help you with that,

为了帮助你了解，

we've created a series of lessons

我们创建了一系列课程，

to take your scientific knowledge to the next level. 習語

将你的科学知识提升到新的高度。

Made in collaboration with our friends at brilliant.org,

这些课程由我们与 brilliant.org 的朋友合作制作，

these lessons let you further explore the topics in our most popular videos,

让你进一步探索我们最受欢迎的视频中的主题，

from rabies and mammalian metabolism

从狂犬病、哺乳动物的新陈代谢，

to climate science and supernovae.

到气候科学和超新星。

Brilliant has thousands of lessons to explore,

Brilliant 有数以千计的课程等你探索，

and each one is interactive,

每一节都是互动的，

like a one-on-one version of a Kurzgesagt video.

就像是一对一版本的 Kurzgesagt 视频。

Brilliant's latest course,

Brilliant 的最新课程，

"How LLMs Work,"

“How LLMs Work”（大型语言模型是如何工作的），

takes you under the hood of real language models. 習語

带你深入探究真实的语言模型的底层。

It demystifies these technologies like ChatGPT

它解密了 ChatGPT 等技术，

with interactive lessons on everything from how models build vocabulary 語法

提供的互动课程涵盖了从模型如何构建词汇表，

to how they choose their next word.

到它们如何选择下一个词的一切内容。

You'll learn how to tune LLMs

你将学习如何微调 LLMs，

to produce output with exactly your desired tonality,

以产生完全符合你期望语调的输出，

whether it's poetry or a cover letter.

无论是写诗还是求职信。

And you'll understand why training is really everything

而且你还能了解为什么训练才是一切，

by comparing models trained on Taylor Swift lyrics

通过对比在 Taylor Swift 歌词上训练的模型，

and the legal speech of big tech's terms and conditions.

与大型科技公司服务条款的法律话语模型。

This isn't just another course, 表達脈絡

这不仅仅是又一门课程，

it's an immersive AI workshop,

它是一个沉浸式的 AI 工作坊，

allowing you to experience and harness the mechanics of today's most advanced tool.

让你体验并驾驭当今最先进工具的运行机制。

To get hands-on with Kurzgesagt lessons 用詞

为了亲手体验 Kurzgesagt 的课程，

and explore everything Brilliant has to offer,

并探索 Brilliant 提供的一切，

you can start your free 30-day trial by signing up at brilliant.org/nutshell. 短語動詞

你可以在 brilliant.org/nutshell 注册并开始 30 天的免费试用。

There's even an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.

我们甚至还为 Kurzgesagt 的观众准备了一项额外福利。

The first 200 people to use the link

前 200 名使用此链接的人，

get 20% off an annual membership

将获得年度会员八折的优惠，

once their trial ends.

在他们的试用期结束后即可生效。

We love seeing how the gears interlock with our research.

我们非常乐于看到这些机制如何与我们的研究相互交织。

Brilliant gives you the tools to understand

Brilliant 赋予了你理解事物

how everything fits together. 短語動詞

是如何组合在一起的工具。