慢动作下的蜻蜓翅膀 - 每天变聪明一点点 91：英语精读讲义

Today we're going to try to figure out how wagon... wagon?

今天我们要试着弄清楚“wagon”……wagon？

Today we're going to try to figure out how dragonfly wings work. 短語動詞

今天我们要试着弄清楚蜻蜓的翅膀是如何工作的。

So, Phil has a dragonfly that I caught last night on our night walk.

所以，Phil 手里有一只我昨晚夜间散步时抓到的蜻蜓。

And we have a high speed camera and we are set up with a macro lens. 短語動詞

我们有一台高速摄像机，并且安装了微距镜头。

So, you try to collect that exact spot.

好的，你尽量对准那个确切的位置。

So, tell me when to trigger.

好了，告诉我什么时候触发快门。

Let's go.

开始吧。

You got it?

拍到了吗？

Holy cow. 習語

我的天啊。

Oh man.

喔，天哪。

Yeah?

是吗？

We got it.

我们拍到了。

Awesome.

太棒了。

All right, so you have one of your entomology books here?

好了，所以你带了一本你的昆虫学书籍？

You know it. 語氣意圖

你懂的。

Which book is this?

这是哪本书？

Borror and DeLong's intro to the study of insects.

《Borror 和 DeLong 昆虫学研究导论》。

This is a classic entomology book.

这是一本经典的昆虫学书籍。

So, with these guys the muscles are actually pulling directly on the base of the wing.

对于这些小家伙，肌肉实际上是直接拉扯翅膀底部的。

So, it's a direct flight mechanism.

所以，这是一种直接飞行机制。

Um so, what's an indirect flight mechanism?

那么，什么是间接飞行机制呢？

Indirect flight mechanism,

间接飞行机制，

it actually just pulls on the body wall of the thorax

它其实只是拉扯胸部的体壁，

and the collapse or expansion causes the wings to then move. 語法

体壁的收缩或扩张促使翅膀运动。

So, we're going to go from the rainforest to a rainy day in my hometown. 表達脈絡

现在，我们将从热带雨林去往我老家的一个雨天。

Now, we have all different kinds of art projects here

现在，我们这里有各种不同的艺术项目，

and the one I really want to show you is the dragonfly project.

而我真正想给你们看的是蜻蜓项目。

What they've done is they've given metal dragonflies to all the different organizations in the town

他们做的是将金属蜻蜓分发给镇上的各个不同组织，

and they let them paint them however they want. 語法

并且让他们随心所欲地在上面作画。

What I think is cool about the dragonfly 語法

我觉得关于蜻蜓很酷的一点是，

is that the wing attaches to the body in a completely different way than most insects.

它翅膀连接身体的方式与大多数昆虫完全不同。

To explain this,

为了解释这一点，

I've decided to become a dragonfly muscle.

我决定扮演一块蜻蜓肌肉。

This is a wasp.

这是一个黄蜂。

To see how normal insects operate their wings,

为了看看普通昆虫是如何控制翅膀的，

we need to cut the thorax in half so 語法

我们需要将它的胸部切成两半，这样

we can see the muscles operating on the inside.

我们就可以看到里面肌肉的运作情况。

Uh it's uglier than I thought. 語法

呃，比我想象的要恶心。

Anyway, 表達脈絡

无论如何，

the wings of most flying bugs use this method,

大多数飞行昆虫的翅膀都使用这种方法，

which is called indirect musculature. 用詞

这被称为间接肌肉系统。

The muscles pull on the body wall of the thorax instead of on the wing itself.

肌肉拉扯的是胸部的体壁，而不是翅膀本身。

The shell then pushes on the wing,

外壳随后挤压翅膀，

which seesaws on a pivot point and moves up and down. 用詞

翅膀就像跷跷板一样在支点上起伏。

The problem is muscles pull, 表達脈絡

问题在于，肌肉是用来拉的，

they don't push.

它们不能推。

So, how does the wing return?

那么，翅膀是如何复位的呢？

If you were to imagine that the thorax was shaped like a football, 語法

如果你把胸部想象成一个橄榄球的形状，

the big muscles would be squishing the ball in on the middle.

大肌肉会在中间把球向内挤压。

When you turn it on its side, 短語搭配

当你把它翻转过来，

you can see that this little muscle runs the length of the football and pulls in longways from the inside. 短語搭配

你可以看到这块小肌肉贯穿橄榄球的长度，并从内部纵向拉扯。

This makes the middle bulge back out, 語法

这使得中间重新凸起，

which moves the wing down.

从而将翅膀向下移动。

Dragonflies, however, operate differently. 表達脈絡

然而，蜻蜓的运作方式与此不同。

When we look inside a dragonfly,

当我们观察蜻蜓的内部时，

we can see that they have what's called direct musculature. 用詞

我们可以看到它们拥有所谓的直接肌肉系统。

Their muscles pull directly on the wings

它们的肌肉直接拉扯翅膀，

and are able to operate each wing independently in both directions.

并且能够独立地向两个方向操作每个翅膀。

This is a big deal 習語

这意义重大，

and this is why they completely dominate the insect flying world. 表達脈絡

这也是为什么它们完全称霸了昆虫飞行世界。

If you look back at the high speed in those little cracks, 短語動詞

如果你回看那些微小缝隙里的高速画面，

you can see muscles wiggling and pulling directly on the wings.

你可以看到肌肉在蠕动，直接拉扯着翅膀。

That's pretty awesome, huh?

这非常震撼，对吧？

So, they're saying many Odonata, which are dragonflies,

所以，他们说许多蜻蜓目，也就是蜻蜓，

the front and hind wings move independently.

它们的前翅和后翅是独立运动的。

There is a phase difference in the movements of the two pairs. 用詞

这两对翅膀的运动存在相位差。

That is, when one pair is moving up, 講解

也就是说，当一对翅膀向上运动时，

the other pair is moving down.

另一对翅膀则在向下运动。

Okay, Dr. Jim Usherwood in the UK and his colleagues discovered that

好的，英国的 Jim Usherwood 博士和他的同事们发现，

because dragonflies have two sets of wings,

因为蜻蜓有两对翅膀，

for the most part they're inefficient, 短語搭配

它们在大部分时间里效率并不高，

more inefficient than just normal insect flight with two wings.

甚至比只有一对翅膀的普通昆虫飞行还要低效。

They made a robot with two pairs of wings

他们制作了一个带有两对翅膀的机器人，

and they would vary the timing between the two 語法

并改变两者之间的时间差，

and they found that at a certain timing

结果发现在特定的时间差下，

they could get 20% more efficiency than they could with just two wings. 語法

它们的效率能比仅有两只翅膀时高出 20%。

Dragonfly wings have something on them called the pterostigma, 用詞

蜻蜓翅膀上有一种叫做“翅痣”的东西，

which is Latin for wing mark.

这是拉丁语中“翅膀印记”的意思。

You may have seen them before.

你可能以前见过它们。

This is a dark cell on the leading edge of the wing 用詞

这是翅膀前缘的一个深色细胞，

that's heavier than the rest of the wing.

它比翅膀的其他部分要重。

At a certain velocity,

在特定的速度下，

thin wings begin to automatically vibrate,

纤薄的翅膀会自动开始振动，

which makes it impossible to glide quickly. 語法

这使得它们无法进行快速滑翔。

With the added weight at this particular spot on the wing, 語法

由于翅膀上这个特定位置增加了重量，

these vibrations don't start till a much higher air speed,

这些振动要等到空气流速高得多时才会开始，

which means dragonflies can now move much faster. 表達脈絡

这意味着蜻蜓现在可以飞得快得多。

Turns out it's a complex aerodynamic structure built right into the design of the wing to help them glide. 講解

事实证明，这是一个复杂的空气动力学结构，直接融入了翅膀的设计中以帮助它们滑翔。

Every time I see a dragonfly, 語法

每次我看到蜻蜓，

I always try to spot that spot.

我总是试图去寻找那个斑点。

Wait a second.

等一下。

Have you ever seen a dragonfly glide? 語法

你见过蜻蜓滑翔吗？

Okay, in this last video,

好的，在最后这段视频中，

you can see that we're in a canoe and we have a Phantom Miro high speed camera

你可以看到我们在独木舟上，拿着一台 Phantom Miro 高速摄像机，

and we're trying to capture these dragonflies as they lift up off the grass. 短語動詞

我们试图捕捉这些蜻蜓从草丛中起飞的瞬间。

Now, the cool thing about it is

酷就酷在，

you can see that he uses his wings to hover,

你可以看到它不仅用翅膀悬停，

but he also uses them as a way of gliding. 短語搭配

还会把它当成滑翔的工具。

It's incredible

真是不可思议，

because you can see him feather the front wing 用詞

因为你可以看到它调整前翅的倾角，

and allow it to glide the air over the second wing.

引导气流滑过第二对翅膀来进行滑翔。

I've never seen anything like this.

我以前从未见过这样的画面。

Check it out. 短語動詞

看看吧。

So, I hope you learned something along with us about dragonfly flight.

所以，希望你和我们一起学到了一些关于蜻蜓飞行的知识。

If you've liked us, subscribe to Smarter Every Day.

如果你喜欢我们，请订阅 Smarter Every Day。

please quick click the flying dragonfly here

请快速点击这里这只正在飞行的蜻蜓，

that my kids are propelling for you and uh you'll subscribe.

这是我的孩子们为你们展示的，呃，点击你就能订阅了。

I'm Destin.

我是 Destin。

You're getting smarter every day.

你正在每天变聪明一点。

Have a good one. 習語

祝你有美好的一天。

What happened to your tooth?

你的牙齿怎么了？

Dad yanked it out and bought it for $10 短語動詞

爸爸把它拔了下来，花 10 美元买走了，

and made me shake for it back.

还要我跟他握手才能拿回来。

Don't tell him what I paid for it.

别告诉他我花了多少钱。

Stop.

停。

Stop.

停。

Okay, in this last

好的，在最后这

There's a train.

有辆火车。

It's loud everywhere here.

这里到处都很吵。

Okay, in this last video,

好的，在最后这段视频中，

we've got the Miro high speed camera in the canoe

我们把 Miro 高速摄像机放在了独木舟上，

and we're looking at a dragonfly

我们在观察一只蜻蜓，

and we get to see it lift up off a piece of grass.

并且能看到它从一根草上起飞。

Dripping snot.

流鼻涕了。

Man, waiting on dragonflies is kind of boring. 講解

哎，等蜻蜓真是有点无聊。

You need to get

你需要去