1970年代：在金星上生存：英语精读讲义

This is Venera 4,

这是金星4号，

a Soviet space probe moments away from attempting the first landing on another planet,

一个即将尝试在另一颗行星上进行首次着陆的苏联太空探测器，

Venus.

那就是金星。

At the time,

在当时，

very little was known about this mysterious planet,

人们对这颗神秘的行星知之甚少，

but scientists believed that under its thick layer of cloud was a world not too different from Earth

但科学家们认为，在它厚厚的云层之下，是一个与地球相差无几的世界，

with a similar 1 bar atmosphere and Earth-like temperatures.

有着类似地球的1巴大气压和温度。

But little did they know what kind of world this poor little space probe was about to enter. 語法

但他们根本不知道这个可怜的小探测器即将进入一个怎样的世界。

As it hit the atmosphere at 40,000 km per hour,

当它以每小时4万公里的速度冲入大气层时，

its parachute deployed and the antenna started sending back data. 短語動詞

它的降落伞展开了，天线开始传回数据。

At first,

起初，

the atmospheric pressure was similar to Earth's and the temperature was around 30 degrees.

大气压与地球相似，温度约为30度。

But as it descended further into the atmosphere,

但随着它进一步深入大气层，

the readings started to go crazy. 習語

读数开始变得疯狂起来。

1 atmosphere quickly became 10,

1个大气压迅速变成了10个，

10 became 20,

10个变成了20个，

and the temperature was well over 200 degrees when suddenly

温度远超200度，突然

the space probe cracked open and all communication was lost.

太空探测器破裂，所有通讯中断。

The last bit of data it sent back revealed an atmosphere that was 22 times thicker and 250 degrees hotter than Earth.

它传回的最后一点数据表明，那里的大气层比地球厚22倍，温度高出250度。

But now that the Soviets knew just how harsh Venus really was, 語法

但既然苏联人已经知道了金星的真实环境有多么恶劣，

they were even more determined to get there.

他们就更加坚定地要到达那里。

We modeled these incredible space probes to show you how the Soviets finally managed to land,

我们对这些令人惊叹的太空探测器进行了建模，向大家展示苏联人最终是如何成功着陆、

take pictures,

拍摄照片，

and record audio on the surface of our most dangerous planet.

并在我们这个最危险的行星表面记录声音的。

The early space probes had a relatively simple design.

早期的太空探测器设计相对简单。

The lander was a 1 m wide titanium sphere pressurized inside to around 25 atmospheres.

着陆器是一个1米宽的钛合金球体，内部加压至约25个大气压。

It had a handful of scientific instruments to analyze the atmosphere and a battery to power it during descent. 短語搭配

它装有少数用于分析大气的科学仪器，以及在降落过程中提供动力的电池。

The lander had no thrusters and instead used its own drag and a series of parachutes to bring it down to the ground. 短語動詞

着陆器没有推进器，而是利用自身的阻力和一系列降落伞将其降落到地面。

But with Venus's thick atmosphere,

但面对金星厚厚的大气层，

this turned out to be a problem. 短語搭配

这成了一个问题。

Instead of quickly falling through the atmosphere in a matter of minutes, 短語搭配

金星4号并没有在几分钟内迅速穿过大气层，

Venera 4 hit the atmosphere like a brick wall and quickly slowed down to just 18 km/h, 習語

而是像撞上了一堵砖墙一样撞上了大气层，并迅速减速至仅18公里/小时，

much slower than expected. 語法

比预期的要慢得多。

This meant that the spacecraft had to endure 90 minutes inside Venus's atmosphere,

这意味着航天器必须在金星大气层中忍受90分钟，

constantly being exposed to the heat and pressure until it was crushed. 短語搭配

持续暴露在高温和高压下，直到被压碎。

The Soviets realized that once they entered Venus's atmosphere,

苏联人意识到，一旦进入金星大气层，

time was limited.

时间就非常有限了。

And so,

因此，

they would have to pass through the atmosphere before it had time to crush or melt the lander. 語法

他们必须在着陆器被压碎或熔化之前穿过大气层。

And so the Soviets completely rethought their approach to Venus. 短語搭配

于是，苏联人完全重新构思了他们探索金星的方法。

They sent a fax to NASA asking for a special heat-resistant material,

他们给NASA发了一份传真，请求提供一种特殊的耐热材料，

but the fax never got through because NASA was using Incogni,

但这封传真根本没发过去，因为NASA使用了Incogni，

today's sponsor,

也就是今天的赞助商，

to block it.

拦截了它。

Just kidding,

开玩笑的，

Incogni wasn't around then.

当时Incogni还不存在。

But they are around today when we need them more than ever.

但今天他们在我们需要的时候随时都在。

We all get calls from weird numbers and emails from websites we didn't sign up for.

我们都会接到奇怪号码打来的电话，收到没注册过的网站发来的邮件。

But where do these companies get our information from?

但这些公司是从哪里得到我们的信息的呢？

Well,

嗯，

data brokers sell our information to marketing agencies who then bombard you with pointless emails and phone calls.

数据经纪人将我们的信息卖给营销机构，然后这些机构就会用毫无意义的电子邮件和电话轰炸你。

These companies have databases full of people's information,

这些公司的数据库装满了人们的信息，

which makes them a huge target for criminals to steal.

这使他们成为犯罪分子窃取数据的巨大目标。

The good thing is that you have the right to protect yourself.

好消息是你有权保护自己。

And so,

因此，

Incogni reaches out to all of these companies on your behalf 短語搭配

Incogni代表你主动联系所有这些公司，

and asks them to delete all information they have about you.

要求他们删除关于你的所有信息。

All you need to do is sign up, 語法

你只需要注册，

sit back,

坐下来，

and watch Incogni do their work.

看Incogni发挥作用。

Since signing up with Incogni,

自从注册了Incogni，

these are all the companies that can no longer send me spam.

这些就是所有再也不能给我发送垃圾邮件的公司。

To protect your personal information and get rid of spam in your life, 短語動詞

为了保护你的个人信息并摆脱生活中的垃圾信息，

visit incogni.com/primalspace and use the code primal space to get 60% off.

请访问incogni.com/primalspace并使用代码primal space享受60%的折扣。

In order to reach the surface of Venus before being destroyed,

为了在被摧毁前到达金星表面，

the Soviets redesigned the space probe to make it fall through the atmosphere more quickly. 語法

苏联人重新设计了太空探测器，使其能更快地穿过大气层。

They added a cord to the parachute that would stop it from opening, 語法

他们在降落伞上增加了一根绳子，防止其打开，

allowing Venera to fall much faster. 語法

从而让探测器坠落得更快。

It was made of a material that would melt at 200 degrees.

它由一种在200度时会熔化的材料制成。

And so,

因此，

the parachute wouldn't open until the probe was much closer to the surface.

直到探测器更加接近表面时，降落伞才会打开。

Since the pressure on the surface was still unknown,

由于表面的气压仍是未知的，

the engineers went overkill with Venera's protection. 用詞

工程师们对金星探测器的保护做到了极致。

The walls were two times thicker and the space probe could now withstand a pressure of 180 atmospheres. 短語搭配

外壳的厚度增加了一倍，太空探测器现在可以承受180个大气压的压力。

The Soviets were ready to put Venera 7 through hell. 習語

苏联人准备让金星7号经历一番地狱般的考验。

As it hit the atmosphere,

当它冲入大气层时，

the lander slowed all the way down and deployed its parachute.

着陆器一路减速并展开了它的降落伞。

The cord did its thing and allowed the space probe to quickly fall through Venus's thick atmosphere. 習語

那根绳子发挥了作用，让太空探测器能够迅速穿过金星厚厚的大气层。

The probe was now much closer to the surface than any of the previous missions,

现在，探测器比之前任何一次任务都更加接近表面，

until with just 3 km to go, 語法

直到距离表面仅剩3公里时，

the parachute tore itself apart and the probe started plummeting to the ground, 短語動詞

降落伞被撕裂，探测器开始垂直坠向地面，

slamming into the surface at 60 km/h.

以60公里/小时的速度砸在表面上。

The Soviets had another failure on their hands, 習語

苏联人手里又多了一次失败的任务，

or so they thought. 表達脈絡

至少他们是这么认为的。

A few weeks later,

几周后，

when reviewing the data, 語法

在审查数据时，

they noticed that a very weak signal had actually been transmitting for 23 minutes after the lander hit the surface. 語法

他们注意到着陆器撞击表面后，实际上有一个非常微弱的信号持续发送了23分钟。

As it turned out, 表達脈絡

事实证明，

the lander actually survived,

着陆器居然幸存了下来，

but it had been knocked onto its side,

但它被撞翻侧躺，

making the antenna's signal to Earth extremely weak. 語法

使得天线向地球发送的信号极其微弱。

Incredibly,

令人难以置信的是，

the last bit of data it sent out showed that the temperature at the surface was a mind-boggling 500 degrees. 用詞

它传回的最后一点数据显示，表面的温度是令人难以置信的500度。

Since temperature was now the main problem limiting their time on the surface,

由于温度现在是限制它们在表面停留时间的主要问题，

the engineers came up with a genius but simple cooling solution for Venera 8. 短語動詞

工程师们为金星8号想出了一个绝妙却简单的冷却方案。

Inside the space probe were blocks of lithium nitrate, 語法

太空探测器内部装有硝酸锂块，

a salt-like substance,

这是一种类似盐的物质，

which has a very high heat of fusion. 用詞

具有极高的熔化热。

This is the amount of energy required to turn it from a solid into a liquid.

这是将其从固态转变为液态所需的能量。

In order to heat this material up by 1 degree,

为了使这种材料的温度升高1度，

it takes just under 2 joules of energy per gram. 短語搭配

每克只需不到2焦耳的能量。

But when it reaches its melting point,

但是当它达到熔点时，

crossing that boundary from a solid into a liquid takes almost 300 joules of energy.

跨越从固态到液态的边界需要几乎300焦耳的能量。

And so,

因此，

this change from a solid to a liquid absorbs a large amount of heat energy,

这种从固态到液态的转变会吸收大量热能，

which is effectively stored in the material.

这些热能被有效地储存在该材料中。

And so,

于是，

blocks were placed inside the lander to absorb heat and take it away from the electrical components. 短語動詞

着陆器内部被放置了这种块状物来吸收热量，并将其带离电气组件。

This system worked extremely well and Venera 8 successfully made it to Venus and survived for an entire hour on the surface. 短語搭配

这套系统工作得极其出色，金星8号成功抵达金星，并在表面存活了整整一个小时。

The Soviets had now mastered the art of getting to Venus. 習語

苏联人现在已经掌握了到达金星的技术。

But the world still had no idea what this crazy world actually looked like. 語法

但世界仍然不知道这个疯狂的世界实际上是什么样子的。

And so,

因此，

it was up to Venera 9 to take the first pictures of Venus. 短語搭配

拍摄金星第一张照片的重任就落在了金星9号身上。

The lander was completely redesigned once more.

着陆器再次被完全重新设计。

Instead of using parachutes for the final descent, 語法

金星9号没有使用降落伞进行最终降落，

Venera 9 had a large air brake to slow it down and a set of landing legs to absorb the impact. 講解

而是配备了一个大型空气减速板以减慢速度，以及一组着陆腿来吸收冲击力。

But the most important feature on Venera 9 was the camera system.

但金星9号上最重要的功能是摄像系统。

It had two movable cameras on either side of the lander 短語搭配

它在着陆器的两侧有两个可移动的摄像头，

that could take a 360-degree panorama of the surrounding landscape.

可以拍摄周围景观的360度全景图。

But designing a camera that could survive the intense pressure and temperature of Venus

但设计一个能挺过金星的高压和高温的摄像头，

was yet another challenge.

则是另一个挑战。

The cameras were placed inside the lander's pressure vessel and two periscopes stuck out into the super thick pressure window. 用詞

摄像头被放置在着陆器的压力舱内，两个潜望镜伸入超厚的耐压窗中。

At the end of the periscope was a small lens that could rotate and scan the 180-degree view of the surface.

潜望镜的末端是一个小镜头，可以旋转并扫描表面的180度视野。

The light would travel down the periscope and through a lens that would correct the effect of the thick pressure window.

光线会顺着潜望镜往下传，并穿过一个能校正厚重耐压窗影响的透镜。

Each of the two cameras had large lens caps that were designed to pop off once the probe had landed. 講解

两个摄像头各有一个巨大的镜头盖，设计为在探测器着陆后弹出。

On Venera 9,

在金星9号上，

only one of these worked.

这两个中只有一个成功运作了。

This was the very first picture taken on Venus.

这就是在金星上拍摄的第一张照片。

On future missions,

在随后的任务中，

the cameras were improved,

摄像头得到了改进，

eventually taking higher definition color images.

最终拍出了更高清的彩色图像。

On Venera 14,

在金星14号上，

a microphone was placed on board. 短語搭配

还搭载了一个麦克风。

The following is real audio of the probe landing on the surface and an instrument drilling into the surface.

以下是探测器在表面着陆以及仪器在表面钻孔的真实音频。

All in all, 表達脈絡

总而言之，

the Soviets landed on Venus eight times,

苏联人曾在金星着陆八次，

with each mission sending back incredible images and scientific data about this mysterious planet, 語法

每一次任务都传回了关于这颗神秘行星令人惊叹的图像和科学数据，

an achievement we're yet to repeat some 50 years later. 語法

这是我们在约50年后的今天仍未能重复的成就。

And now,

现在，

for the Primal Space giveaway.

是Primal Space的抽奖时间。

The winner of the previous giveaway is David.

上一次抽奖的获胜者是David。

Congrats.

恭喜。

In the next video,

在下个视频中，

we'll be giving away this custom Primal Space Venera poster to one lucky winner.

我们将把这张定制的Primal Space金星海报送给一位幸运的获胜者。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你只需要在下方的链接注册，

like the video,

给视频点赞，

and leave a comment saying what you think about the Venera space probes.

并留言说说你对金星太空探测器的看法。

Thank you very much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.

非常感谢您的观看，我们下期视频再见。