好人终有好报：英语精读讲义

Nice guys finish last. 習語

好人总是吃亏。

At least that's how the saying goes, 短語搭配

至少俗话是这么说的，

but we're here to destroy this myth 短語搭配

但我们今天就是要打破这个迷思，

and show you with scientific research and evidence

用科学研究和证据向你证明，

how nice guys undoubtedly finish first.

好人毫无疑问才会笑到最后。

There's a neat problem called the prisoner's 文化背景

有一个很有意思的问题，名为“囚徒

dilemma that has boggled many intelligent minds for decades. 習語

困境”，几十年来一直让许多聪明人百思不得其解。

There are many variations,

它有许多不同版本，

but in ours

但在我们的版本中，

two people face off against each other 短語動詞

两个人相互对决，

with two different cards in their hands.

手里各有两张不同的牌。

One says cooperate and the other says defect. 用詞

一张写着“合作”，另一张写着“背叛”。

Each round both players pick one of the cards and play it face down 短語搭配

每一轮，两位玩家都选一张牌，牌面朝下打出，

without the other knowing which they've chosen. 語法

彼此都不知道对方选了哪张。

If both players choose cooperate,

如果两位玩家都选择“合作”，

then they each win $300.

那么每人都能赢得300美元。

If both players play defect,

如果两人都打出“背叛”，

then they both lose $10.

那么两人都会损失10美元。

But if one person plays cooperate

但如果一人打出“合作”，

and the other plays defect,

另一人打出“背叛”，

the person who played defect wins $500

打出“背叛”的人会赢得500美元，

and the cooperate card loses $100.

而打出“合作”牌的人会损失100美元。

So how is this a dilemma?

那这为什么会是个困境呢？

Well, if I were to play the card defect, 語法

假设我打出“背叛”牌，

your best move would also be to defect.

你的最佳选择也会是“背叛”。

Sure, we both lose some money,

没错，我们都会损失一点钱，

but you haven't lost as much as if you were to play cooperate. 語法

但总比你选择“合作”时损失得少。

And if I were to play cooperate,

而如果我打出“合作”，

your best move would still be to play defect

你的最佳选择依然是“背叛”，

because you would win the most money.

因为这样你能赢到最多的钱。

So no matter what the other does, 語法

所以，无论对方怎么做，

defect is always our best most logical move.

“背叛”始终是我们最好、最合乎逻辑的选择。

And yet if we both play our smartest move,

然而，如果我们双方都做出自认为最聪明的选择，

we'll always lose,

我们就总会输，

fully knowing that if we had simply cooperated, 語法

尽管我们明明知道，只要选择合作，

we could have won $300.

就能各自赢得300美元。

But here's the really interesting part. 表達脈絡

但真正有意思的部分来了。

Scientists have created computer simulations

科学家建立了计算机模拟，

to analyze and discover which strategy

用来分析并找出哪种策略

is the best to win the most money

能赚到最多的钱，

over hundreds of turns.

模拟会持续数百轮。

And the winner was one called tit for tat. 文化背景

最终胜出的是一种叫“以牙还牙”的策略。

It was programmed to always start with cooperate

它的程序设定是第一轮永远选择“合作”，

and after that it would copy the last move of its opponent.

此后则模仿对手上一轮的选择。

So if your opponent defects,

所以，如果对手选择“背叛”，

then the next time you defect.

那你下一轮也选择“背叛”。

If they cooperate,

如果对方选择“合作”，

then you cooperate next time.

那你下一轮也选择“合作”。

Using this method not only helps to prevent you from getting duped over and over, 語法

这种方法不仅能防止你一再上当，

but statistically leads to the highest earnings in all simulations

而且从统计结果来看，它在所有模拟中都能带来最高收益，

when compared to any other strategy. 語法

胜过其他任何策略。

Okay, so how does this relate to nice guys? 表達脈絡

好，那么这跟好人有什么关系呢？

Well, it turns out that the top-ranked strategies 表達脈絡

结果发现，排名靠前的策略

were almost all the ones that began with what

几乎全都始于一种

the scientists classified as niceness. 短語搭配

被科学家归类为“友善”的做法。

That is, they would never be the first to defect

也就是说，它们绝不会率先“背叛”，

and would always cooperate first.

而是总会先选择“合作”。

Furthermore, strategies which were quick to forgive others for deceiving them 短語搭配

此外，那些能很快原谅他人欺骗的策略，

and ones that were non-envious,

以及不嫉妒的策略，

aka happy when others won just as much money, 用詞

也就是看到别人赚得和自己一样多也会开心的策略，

were key factors to success.

都是成功的关键因素。

On the other hand, 表達脈絡

反过来说，

the more devious strategies that tried to trick or defect more often,

那些更狡猾、试图骗人或更频繁背叛的策略，

while temporarily gaining more, 語法

虽然短期内获利更多，

actually scored worst over the long term. 短語搭配

长期得分实际上却是最低的。

Seriously, out of 15 strategies,

说真的，在15种策略中，

the top eight scores came from those which contained nice strategies,

得分最高的8种都包含友善策略，

while the bottom seven were more nasty or devious.

而垫底的7种则更刻薄或更狡猾。

And this niceness, forgiveness, and non-envious behavior pays, 用詞

这种友善、宽容和不嫉妒的行为会带来回报，

not only in monetary terms like our game, 短語搭配

不仅体现在我们这个游戏中的金钱收益上，

but even in the real world from an evolutionary perspective. 短語搭配

从进化角度看，在现实世界中也同样如此。

Shockingly, we can actually see these strategies right in nature.

令人惊讶的是，我们在大自然中就能看到这些策略。

Many birds, for example,

例如，许多鸟类

must work together to remove ticks in hard-to-reach spots. 語法

必须互相协作，才能清除难以触及部位的蜱虫。

Both can cooperate and help each other out, 短語動詞

双方可以合作，彼此帮忙，

whereby they both use energy, 用詞

这样双方都会消耗能量，

but also benefit,

但也都能受益；

or one can receive help and then not return the favor. 短語搭配

也可能一方接受了帮助，却不回报对方。

But it turns out

但事实证明，

that selfish birds are completely shunned from these communities.

自私的鸟会被这些群体彻底排斥。

Vampire bats,

而吸血蝙蝠

on the other hand,

则是另一种情况：

hunt for blood in the night,

它们会在夜间觅血，

but occasionally don't find any.

但偶尔会一无所获。

To increase their group success,

为了提高整个群体的成功率，

the ones who do find blood 語法

找到血食的蝙蝠

will share it with those who don't,

会把血分享给没有找到的同伴，

with the understanding that on their off nights 講解

因为大家都心照不宣：等它们哪晚没收获时，

others will help them out.

其他同伴也会伸出援手。

And ultimately, all the bats are more successful

最终，所有蝙蝠都会更成功，

if they carry this trait. 短語搭配

只要它们具备这种特质。

However, just like the tit-for-tat strategy,

不过，就像“以牙还牙”策略一样，

if a bat is selfish and doesn't share,

如果一只蝙蝠很自私，不肯分享，

others are less likely to share with it. 語法

其他蝙蝠也就不太愿意与它分享。

Those who are nice are more successful.

友善的个体会更成功。

From an evolutionary perspective,

从进化的角度来看，

animals which contain genes that promote nice behavior

携带能促进友善行为的基因的动物

are likely to have more offspring.

很可能会繁育更多后代。

It's the basic underlying code for altruistic behavior. 習語

这就是利他行为背后的基本代码。

You help me and I'll help you. 語法

你帮我，我也会帮你。

And ultimately, we'll all do better.

到头来，大家都会过得更好。

So while some mean, cutthroat, or envious people

所以，尽管一些刻薄、冷酷无情或嫉妒心强的人

may temporarily exploit and gain from others,

或许能暂时利用他人并从中获利，

in the long run,

但从长远来看，

not only nice guys, 表達脈絡

不只是善良的男人，

but nice people really do finish first. 語法

所有善良的人确实都会成为最终赢家。

If you want to learn more about the human condition

如果你想进一步了解人性

and altruism,

和利他主义，

check out the book The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, 文化背景

可以读读理查德·道金斯的《自私的基因》，

which this episode was based on.

本期视频就是以这本书为基础制作的。

And if you like a good deal on books, 用詞

如果你喜欢以实惠的价格买书，

especially textbooks,

尤其是教材，

we've teamed up with our friends at slugbooks.com 短語動詞

我们已经和slugbooks.com的朋友们合作，

to get you the cheapest prices

帮你找到

for the books you need.

所需书籍的最低价格。

Seriously, we know how expensive textbooks

说真的，我们知道教材

in particular can be,

尤其可能贵得离谱，

so all you have to do 語法

所以你只需要

is head to slugbooks.com/asapscience 用詞

访问slugbooks.com/asapscience，

and search the ISBN number 文化背景

然后搜索

of the books you're looking for.

你要找的书的ISBN编号。

SlugBooks will then compare prices from all across the net

SlugBooks随后会比较全网价格，

and hopefully save you some money.

希望能帮你省下一些钱。

Don't forget our own AsapSCIENCE book

别忘了，我们自己的AsapSCIENCE图书

is now on pre-sale too. 用詞

现在也已经开始预售。

There's links in the description for that. 語法

相关链接就在视频简介中。

And subscribe for more weekly science videos.

记得订阅，每周观看更多科学视频。