埃博拉病毒全解析——你的身体如何为生存而战：英语精读讲义

What makes Ebola so dangerous? 語法

是什么让埃博拉病毒如此危险？

How can a virus overwhelm the very complex defense system of the body

一个病毒是如何击溃人体如此复杂的防御系统的

so quickly and so effectively? 語法

而且还如此迅速、如此高效？

Let's take a look at what Ebola does. 短語搭配

让我们来看看埃博拉病毒到底做了什么。

Ebola is a virus.

埃博拉是一种病毒。

A virus is a very small thing.

病毒是非常微小的东西。

A bit of RNA or DNA and a few proteins in a hull.

只是一些RNA或DNA和外壳里的一些蛋白质。

It has no ability to do anything by itself whatsoever 語法

它自身完全没有任何能力做任何事情，

and can only survive and proliferate by infecting cells. 語法

只能通过感染细胞来生存和繁殖。

To avoid this, we have the immune system.

为了避免这种情况，我们有免疫系统。

The immune system is super complex,

免疫系统超级复杂，

so we developed a visual system that makes it easy to understand. 語法

所以我们开发了一套可视化的系统，让它更容易理解。

So, it looks like this.

它是这样的。

Let's concentrate on the part that's critical to understanding Ebola 表達脈絡

让我们集中关注对理解埃博拉至关重要的部分，

and ignore the rest.

忽略其余部分。

So, usually dendritic cells would activate an army of antivirus cells,

通常，树突状细胞会激活一支由抗病毒细胞、

support cells, and antibody factories

辅助细胞和抗体工厂组成的大军，

that work together with the guard cells,

它们与守卫细胞协同作战，

wipe out the infection in a matter of days. 講解

在几天内消灭感染。

But when Ebola strikes, 用詞

但是当埃博拉来袭时，

it directly attacks the immune system.

它会直接攻击免疫系统。

Some of the first cells it takes over are the dendritic cells, 短語動詞

它最先接管的细胞中就有树突状细胞，

the brains of the immune system. 習語

也就是免疫系统的大脑。

The Ebola virus enters a dendritic cell

埃博拉病毒进入树突状细胞，

by binding onto receptors for cell transport.

是通过结合细胞运输的受体来实现的。

Once it's inside,

一旦进入内部，

it dissolves its outer hull and releases its genetic material,

它就会溶解其外壳并释放出遗传物质、

nucleoproteins and enzymes.

核蛋白和酶。

In a nutshell, it takes over the cell, 習語

简而言之，它接管了细胞，

disables the cell's protective mechanisms, and reprograms it.

破坏了细胞的保护机制，并对其进行了重新编程。

The cell now becomes a virus production machine 習語

这个细胞现在变成了病毒制造机，

and uses its resources to build Ebola viruses.

并利用其资源来制造埃博拉病毒。

Once the cell is saturated, 用詞

一旦细胞达到饱和，

it dissolves the cell membrane

它就会溶解细胞膜，

and millions of viruses are released into the tissue.

数以百万计的病毒被释放到组织中。

The virus not only prevents the dendritic cell from activating the specialized antivirus forces, 語法

该病毒不仅阻止树突状细胞激活专门的抗病毒部队，

it manipulates it into sending signal proteins 語法

还会操纵它发送信号蛋白，

that trick the specialized cells into ending their own lives prematurely.

欺骗专门的细胞过早地结束它们自己的生命。

So, the immune system is seriously disrupted and unable to react

因此，免疫系统遭到严重破坏且无法做出反应，

while the virus rapidly multiplies.

而病毒却在快速增殖。

We're talking billions. 語氣意圖

数量高达数十亿。

There are cells that should deal with infected cells, 短語動詞

本来有一些细胞应该处理受感染的细胞，

the natural killer cells.

即自然杀伤细胞。

But they also get infected and just die

但它们也被感染并死去了，

before they can prevent the disease from spreading.

没能阻止疾病的传播。

At the same time, Ebola infects the guard cells of the body,

与此同时，埃博拉感染了人体的守卫细胞，

macrophages, and monocytes.

也就是巨噬细胞和单核细胞。

Not only managing to circumvent their defenses, 語法

它不仅成功绕过了它们的防御，

it also manipulates them to signal to the cells that make up the blood vessels, 短語動詞

还操纵它们向构成血管的细胞发出信号，

telling them to release fluids into the body.

让它们将液体释放到体内。

Usually, this makes sense, 表達脈絡

通常这套机制是有用的，

but in this case, it just causes mayhem.

但在这种情况下，它只会引起混乱。

All over the body, neutrophils are activated,

全身的中性粒细胞都被激活了，

awakened by the virus and the macrophages signals.

被病毒和巨噬细胞的信号唤醒。

They're not very effective against viruses 短語搭配

它们对抗病毒不是很有效，

and should not be involved in this fight and begin to do lots of stuff they shouldn't do.

本不该参与这场战斗，却开始做许多不该做的事。

The neutrophils signal the blood vessels to release more fluid,

中性粒细胞向血管发出信号释放更多液体，

causing internal bleeding.

从而导致内出血。

Another area of the body Ebola attacks is the liver.

埃博拉攻击的人体另一个部位是肝脏。

The virus finds it very easy to enter the liver

病毒发现进入肝脏非常容易，

and it quickly starts killing loads of liver cells 用詞

于是它迅速开始杀死大量肝细胞，

and causing organ failure

并导致器官衰竭，

and more internal bleeding.

以及更严重的内出血。

And all of those things are going on at the same time. 短語動詞

而所有这些事情都在同时发生。

As the virus spreads,

随着病毒的传播，

it's like nukes exploding everywhere. 習語

就像核弹在各处爆炸一样。

One incident of this in one region would be problem enough, 語法

在一个区域发生这种事就已经够麻烦了，

but now it's starting to happen everywhere at once.

但现在它开始在所有地方同时发生。

All the mechanisms the immune system has evolved to handle infections

免疫系统进化出来应对感染的所有机制，

work against you

现在都对你不利，

and the virus continues to spread and spread 表達脈絡

病毒继续蔓延扩散，

and finally begins to infect more and more body cells

最后开始感染越来越多的身体细胞，

while the body desperately struggles to stay alive. 短語搭配

而身体则在拼命挣扎以求生存。

In a desperate last effort to turn the tide, 習語

为了扭转局势做最后的绝望挣扎，

the immune system launches a cytokine storm.

免疫系统引发了细胞因子风暴。

A cytokine storm is an SOS signal 文化背景

细胞因子风暴是一种求救信号，

that causes the immune system to launch all of its weapons all at once

它会导致免疫系统一次性发射所有武器，

in a desperate kamikaze attack. 文化背景

进行绝望的神风特攻队式攻击。

This hurts the virus,

这会伤害到病毒，

but leaves behind tons of collateral damage, 用詞

但会留下大量的附带损伤，

especially in the blood vessels.

尤其是在血管中。

Paradoxically, the healthier the immune system, 語法

矛盾的是，免疫系统越健康，

the more damage it can do to itself.

它对自己造成的伤害就越大。

More and more fluid leaves the bloodstream.

越来越多的液体离开血液。

Blood pours out of every opening of the body.

血液从身体的每一个开口涌出。

You become seriously dehydrated.

你会严重脱水。

There's just not enough blood left to supply the organs with oxygen 短語搭配

剩下的血液根本不足以为器官提供氧气，

and cells begin to die.

细胞开始死亡。

If you reach this point,

如果你到了这个地步，

the chance of you dying is very high. 語法

死亡的几率非常高。

Currently,

目前，

six out of 10 infected die from Ebola. 短語搭配

十分之六的感染者死于埃博拉。

Wow.

哇。

Okay, Ebola is nasty.

好吧，埃博拉确实很可怕。

So, it's time to panic, right? 語氣意圖

那么，是时候恐慌了吗？

No, not even close. 習語

不，还差得远呢。

The severity of Ebola gets paper sold and YouTube videos shared, 語法

埃博拉的严重性让报纸大卖，YouTube视频疯传，

so everybody is talking about Ebola.

所以大家都在谈论埃博拉。

But currently, the only way to get infected by Ebola 語法

但目前，感染埃博拉的唯一途径，

is to come into contact with the bodily fluids 短語搭配

是接触到出现症状的患者

of a person who shows symptoms or from an infected bat.

或是被感染蝙蝠的体液。

So, just don't do that.

所以，只要别那么做就好。

Ebola has killed 5,000 people since June 2014.

自2014年6月以来，埃博拉已导致5000人死亡。

The common flu kills up to 500,000 people each year. 短語搭配

而普通流感每年导致多达50万人死亡。

Malaria kills up to 1 million each year,

疟疾每年导致多达100万人死亡，

3,000 people every single day, 短語搭配

也就是每天3000人，

10 children since this video started.

自本视频开始以来就有10名儿童死亡。

So, even if Ebola is terrible and scary, 語法

所以，即使埃博拉很可怕、很吓人，

don't let yourself be scared.

也不要让自己陷入恐慌。

The most infectious thing about Ebola 習語

埃博拉最具有“传染性”的，

is the media hype around it.

其实是媒体对它的炒作。

You could learn a bit more about the immune system, though. 語氣意圖

不过，你倒是可以多了解一些关于免疫系统的知识。