内向者 vs 外向者：英语精读讲义

Some of us like to spend our weekend with a book in hand, 語法

我们有些人喜欢手捧一本书度过周末，

while others prefer a night out 短語搭配

而另一些人则更喜欢晚上出门，

being the center of attention. 習語

成为众人瞩目的焦点。

But from a scientific perspective, 表達脈絡

但从科学角度来看，

is there an advantage to being an introvert or an extrovert? 語法

做内向者或外向者，哪一种更有优势？

Which is better?

哪一种更好？

The idea of two polar personalities 用詞

两种截然相反的人格这一概念

was first described by Swiss-German psychologist Carl Jung,

最早由瑞士德语区心理学家卡尔·荣格提出，

who coined the terms introversion and extroversion. 用詞

他创造了“内向性”和“外向性”这两个术语。

Jung's theory was further elaborated upon by Hans Eysenck, 短語搭配

德国心理学家汉斯·艾森克进一步发展了荣格的理论，

a German psychologist who defined introverts and extroverts by their baseline arousal. 用詞

他根据基础唤醒水平来界定内向者和外向者。

Extroverts with their lower level of arousal

外向者的唤醒水平较低，

would need to do more exciting things that would physically and mentally exhaust an introvert

因此需要做一些更刺激、甚至会让内向者身心俱疲的事情，

in order to reach satisfaction.

才能获得满足感。

So, while an introvert might be content with a leisurely bike ride through a quiet park, 短語搭配

所以，内向者或许悠闲地骑车穿过宁静的公园就会心满意足，

an extrovert might need to hit the dirt roads in order to feel mentally satisfied.

外向者却可能得骑上泥土路，心理上才会觉得满足。

Brain scans show a thicker prefrontal cortex in introverts compared to extroverts, 短語搭配

脑部扫描显示，内向者的前额叶皮层比外向者更厚，

which is associated with deeper thought and planning, 短語搭配

而前额叶皮层与更深入的思考和规划有关，

suggesting that extroverts may be more impulsive than introverts 表達脈絡

这表明外向者可能比内向者更冲动，

who prefer to mull things over 短語動詞

而内向者更喜欢反复斟酌，

instead of directly springing into action. 習語

而不是立刻采取行动。

But because of this tendency to ruminate in introverts, 用詞

但也正因为内向者有这种反复思虑的倾向，

they're also more susceptible to developing anxiety and depression. 短語搭配

他们也更容易出现焦虑和抑郁。

Extroverts also respond more strongly to rewards

外向者对奖励的反应也更强烈，

with brain scans showing a significantly more activated dopamine reward system 語法

脑部扫描显示，他们的多巴胺奖励系统明显更加活跃，

than introverts when completing and winning a computerized gambling task.

在完成电脑赌博任务并获胜时，其反应强于内向者。

And given that we're social animals, 語法

而且，鉴于我们是社会性动物，

dopamine is also released when interacting with other humans.

与其他人互动时，体内也会释放多巴胺。

This was especially important as hunter-gatherers,

这对狩猎采集者来说尤其重要，

who relied upon others for both food and protection from predators. 短語搭配

因为他们既要依靠他人获取食物，也要靠他人保护自己免受捕食者袭击。

However,

不过，

human connection has a greater impact on extroverts than introverts. 短語搭配

人际联系对外向者的影响比对内向者更大。

In fact, it's been shown that the brains of extroverts respond more strongly 語法

事实上，研究显示，外向者的大脑会表现出更强烈的反应，

when shown photos of human faces compared to neutral photos of nature. 語法

也就是看到人脸照片时，反应要强于看到中性的自然景物照片时。

But for introverts,

但对内向者来说，

the brain response is similar between the two.

大脑对这两类照片的反应差不多。

Now, that's not to say that introverts don't feel any excitement 語氣意圖

当然，这并不是说内向者丝毫感受不到

from winning or that they strongly dislike being around people,

获胜带来的兴奋，也不是说他们非常讨厌与人相处，

but they simply don't feel as excited 語法

只是他们没有那么兴奋，

and don't require as much social interaction in order to feel good.

也不需要那么多社交互动就能感觉良好。

In terms of genetics,

从遗传学角度来看，

there may be an evolutionary advantage to each trait. 語法

每种特质或许都有其进化优势。

For instance, introverts might have stuck to the sidelines to avoid predators, 習語

例如，内向者可能会待在一旁，以躲避捕食者，

while extroverts would roam and explore,

而外向者则会四处游荡和探索，

giving them an advantage when food is scarce.

这让他们在食物匮乏时更有优势。

A study involving 130 participants discovered that those who were more inclined to be adventurous 短語搭配

一项涉及130名参与者的研究发现，更喜欢冒险的人

had two copies of one particular allele, 用詞

拥有某个特定等位基因的两个副本，

reinforcing the idea that these personality traits are partially linked to genetics. 表達脈絡

这进一步印证了这些人格特质与遗传存在部分关联。

In many ways,

在很多方面，

our society has an extroversion bias 用詞

我们的社会存在偏爱外向性格的倾向，

where qualities like putting yourself out there are highly valued. 習語

敢于展现自己等特质备受推崇。

Our institutions are also often designed with the extrovert in mind, 短語搭配

我们的各种机构往往也是以外向者为中心设计的，

where group work is a popular practice in most schools and workplaces,

在大多数学校和工作场所，小组合作都很常见，

with the idea that creativity comes from a sociable place.

因为人们认为创造力源于社交互动。

However, as social animals,

然而，作为社会性动物，

we instinctively mimic others' opinions without realizing it,

我们会在不知不觉中本能地附和别人的看法，

suggesting that your brainstorming sessions with others

这意味着你与他人一起进行的头脑风暴

may not always be productive. 語法

未必总能取得成效。

When we disagree with a group,

当我们的意见与群体不一致时，

neuroscientists have shown high activation in the amygdala,

神经科学家发现，杏仁核会高度活跃，

a part of the brain associated with the sting of rejection. 習語

这个脑区与遭到拒绝时的刺痛感有关。

When we think of introverts,

一提到内向者，

shyness and the preference to be alone often come to mind, 短語搭配

我们往往会想到害羞和喜欢独处，

but in reality, 表達脈絡

但实际上，

introverts may simply prefer close conversations with one or a few people

内向者可能只是更喜欢与一两个人深入交谈，

instead of dozens.

而不是和几十个人交流。

Furthermore, introverts may even be better public speakers,

此外，内向者甚至可能是更出色的公众演说者，

as they're known to think through ideas thoroughly 短語動詞

因为他们往往会把想法考虑得十分透彻，

compared to extroverts who may choose to make rash decisions instead. 短語搭配

而外向者相比之下，可能会草率做决定。

But perhaps you are an ambivert, 用詞

不过，你也许是个中向型人格者，

right in the middle of the introvert-extrovert Venn diagram, 文化背景

正好位于内向—外向韦恩图的中间，

combining the best of both worlds. 習語

兼具两者的优点。

A recent study involving 340 call center representatives

最近一项涉及340名呼叫中心员工的研究

had their sales record tracked for a period of three months.

追踪了他们三个月的销售记录。

Those who were neither strong extroverts or introverts 語法

那些既不明显外向、也不明显内向的人

generated the most revenue,

创造的营收最高，

averaging $208 per hour, 語法

平均每小时208美元，

compared to the study average of $138 per hour.

而研究中的总体平均值为每小时138美元。

So, what do you see yourself as, 短語搭配

那么，你觉得自己属于哪一种，

and do you think one is better than the other?

你认为其中一种比另一种更好吗？

Let us know in the comments below.

欢迎在下方评论区告诉我们。

Special thanks to Audible for supporting this episode

特别感谢Audible对本期节目的支持，

to give you a free 30-day trial at audible.com/asap.

他们将通过audible.com/asap为你提供30天免费试用。

This week,

本周，

we wanted to recommend the book

我们想推荐一本书：

Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life Is Your Hidden Strength,

《内向者的力量：为什么你的内心世界是你隐藏的优势》，

which analyzes strategies for introverts to excel

书中分析了帮助内向者脱颖而出的策略，

living in an extroverted world.

让他们能在崇尚外向的世界中好好生活。

You can get a free 30-day trial at audible.com/asap

访问audible.com/asap，即可获得30天免费试用，

and choose from a massive selection.

并从海量内容中自由选择。

We love them as they're great when you're on the go. 習語

我们很喜欢这些有声书，因为出门在外时听起来特别方便。

And subscribe for more weekly science videos.

别忘了订阅，观看每周更新的更多科学视频。