为什么古代遗迹会深埋地下：英语精读讲义

This is what the Roman Forum looked like in 1864. 語法

这是1864年古罗马广场的样子。

And this is what it looks like today.

这是它今天的样子。

When archaeologists started digging here,

当考古学家开始在这里挖掘时，

they uncovered an entire world of ruins deep underground that hadn't been seen for centuries. 語法

他们在地底深处发现了一个完整的废墟世界，这是几个世纪以来无人见过的。

Over time,

随着时间的推移，

the city had risen by more than 10 m and older buildings had been completely forgotten about. 講解

城市的海拔上升了10多米，而较古老的建筑已完全被遗忘。

All over the world,

在世界各地，

you'll find ruins that are slowly being left behind 短語動詞

你都会发现那些正逐渐被遗弃的废墟，

by the constant rise of the streets

原因是街道在不断地升高，

and modern cities that have been built on top of old ruins. 短語搭配

以及现代城市被建立在旧废墟之上。

The ancient city of Troy was rebuilt 10 times,

特洛伊古城被重建了10次，

forming 10 distinct layers, 語法

形成了10个截然不同的地层，

all built directly on top of each other.

全部直接层层叠加建造。

Even the city of Seattle has an entire network of mysterious abandoned shops and houses 表達脈絡

甚至在西雅图市，也有一个由神秘的废弃商店和房屋组成的庞大网络

buried beneath the modern streets.

埋藏在现代街道之下。

But why are cities built on top of each other? 表達脈絡

但为什么城市会层层叠加建造呢？

Is the street level actually rising?

街道的水平面真的在上升吗？

And why does history always end up buried deep underground? 短語動詞

为什么历史最终总是被深埋于地下？

We modeled the entire thing to show you how civilizations build on top of each other.

我们对整个过程进行了建模，向你展示文明是如何层层叠建的。

We'll also look at the crazy historical layers beneath Rome,

我们还将探究罗马地下那些疯狂的历史地层，

these strange hills all over the Middle East,

遍布中东的这些奇怪的山丘，

and the mysterious city purposefully buried beneath Seattle over 100 years ago.

以及100多年前蓄意被掩埋在西雅图地下的神秘城市。

There is no single reason why cities are built on top of each other. 表達脈絡

城市层层叠加的原因不止一个。

After the Great Fire of Rome in the 1st century, 文化背景

在公元1世纪的罗马大火之后，

most of the city had to be rebuilt.

城市的大部分都需要重建。

But instead of clearing away the rubble, 講解

但与其清理废墟，

it was quicker and easier to simply flatten it out and build on top. 短語動詞

直接将其推平并在上面建造要更快、更容易。

This meant that new buildings were about a meter higher than the street. 表達脈絡

这意味着新建筑比街道高出大约一米。

And so,

因此，

to match the new height,

为了匹配新的高度，

the streets were raised and resurfaced using rocks from the surrounding debris.

人们用周围废墟的石块抬高了街道并重新铺设了路面。

With every fire and natural disaster that occurred,

随着每一次火灾和自然灾害的发生，

this process would repeat itself, 語法

这个过程就会重演，

raising the city and leaving old ruins buried underground.

抬高了城市，并将旧废墟埋在地下。

One of the clearest examples of this is the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome. 文化背景

其中最明显的例子之一是罗马的圣克莱门特大教堂。

The structure we see today is from the 12th century,

我们今天看到的建筑建于12世纪，

but it was built directly on top of an old church from the 4th century.

但它是直接建在一座4世纪的古老教堂之上的。

That church was built directly on top of a mysterious old temple.

而那座教堂则直接建在了一座神秘的古老神庙之上。

And that temple was built on top of an old house.

那座神庙又是建在一栋旧房子之上的。

And there are even older ruins beneath that.

甚至在那下面还有更古老的废墟。

All in all, 表達脈絡

总而言之，

the valley in which San Clemente lies is now 18 m higher than it was in the 1st century. 語法

圣克莱门特所在的这个山谷，现在比1世纪时高了18米。

Here's what happened. 表達脈絡

事情是这样的。

Back in 1st century Rome,

回到1世纪的罗马，

before the Colosseum was built,

在罗马斗兽场建成之前，

a Roman villa sat at the bottom of the valley. 用詞

谷底坐落着一座罗马别墅。

After being damaged in a fire, 語法

在一次火灾中受损后，

it was converted into a temple by the Mithra people, 講解

它被密特拉教徒改造成了一座神庙，

a mysterious cult which was gaining popularity throughout Rome.

这是一个在罗马日益盛行的神秘宗教。

But by the end of the 4th century,

但到了4世纪末，

the temple was partially destroyed by the Christians.

这座神庙被基督徒部分摧毁了。

Looking to promote their religion, 語法

为了推广他们的宗教，

they decided to build a new Basilica on top of the old temple.

他们决定在旧神庙之上建造一座新的大教堂。

This Basilica served the Christians for another 800 years.

这座大教堂为基督徒服务了另外800年。

But by the 12th century,

但到了12世纪，

it fell into disrepair. 短語搭配

它变得破败不堪。

After multiple fires and rebuilds around the Basilica,

在大教堂周围经历了多次火灾和重建之后，

the street level had risen considerably.

街道水平面已经大幅上升。

And so, instead of knocking it down, 短語動詞

因此，他们没有将其推倒，

a new Basilica was built on top.

而是在上面建造了一座新的大教堂。

This is the one we see today.

这就是我们今天看到的这一座。

Eventually, the ruins beneath the Basilica were filled in. 短語動詞

最终，大教堂下方的废墟被填平了。

And because no one kept track, 短語搭配

并且由于无人记录，

all knowledge of the previous layers was completely lost.

关于之前地层的所有信息都彻底丢失了。

But in the 1800s,

但在19世纪，

an archaeologist started digging and unearthed the old Basilica

一位考古学家开始挖掘，让这座古老的大教堂重见天日，

with a staircase leading down to the 1st century temple.

里面有一段通往1世纪神庙的楼梯。

Inside was a Mithra shrine,

里面是一个密特拉神龛，

and scrolled on the walls were paintings dedicated to the Mithra god and the logo of the Opera web browser.

墙上画着献给密特拉神的壁画，还有Opera网页浏览器的标志。

Just kidding. 語氣意圖

开玩笑的。

Opera is bringing a new era of browsing with smarter tabs,

Opera正通过更智能的标签页带来一个全新的浏览时代，

seamless multitasking,

提供无缝的多任务处理，

and fully customizable themes.

以及完全可定制的主题。

Gone are the days of getting lost in your tabs while you deep dive into something new. 習語

当你深入研究新事物时迷失在标签页中的日子已经一去不复返了。

With tab islands,

通过标签岛，

you can group your tabs by context and expand and collapse them to keep everything organized. 用詞

你可以根据上下文对标签进行分组，并展开或折叠它们，让一切保持井井有条。

Tab traces highlights your recently viewed tabs.

标签追踪功能会高亮显示你最近浏览过的标签。

The darker the underscore, 語法

底部的下划线越深，

the more recently you've visited that tab.

说明你访问该标签的时间越近。

Split screen lets you work and browse like a pro, 講解

分屏功能让你像专业人士一样工作和浏览，

comparing products or taking notes while you watch your favorite YouTube channels.

可以在观看你最喜欢的YouTube频道时比较产品或做笔记。

Just drag your tab downwards and the split screen will click into place. 習語

只需将标签页向下拉，分屏就会自动就位。

With Opera's floating music player,

借助Opera的悬浮音乐播放器，

you can control your music from seven different streaming platforms without interrupting your browsing.

你可以从七个不同的流媒体平台控制音乐，而不会中断你的浏览。

It can even be used outside the browser.

它甚至可以在浏览器外部使用。

Opera's built-in AI, Aria,

Opera内置的AI——Aria，

can generate images from a simple prompt and answer questions without switching tabs. 用詞

能根据简单的提示词生成图像，且无需切换标签页就能回答问题。

Just hit control plus slash and start asking questions. 用詞

只需按下Ctrl加斜杠键，即可开始提问。

Aria can also analyze pictures you upload.

Aria还可以分析你上传的图片。

With Opera, you can make the browser truly yours with customizable themes, 習語

使用Opera，你可以通过可定制的主题、

colors, animations, and even sound effects.

颜色、动画甚至音效，打造真正属于你的浏览器。

My favorite one is the Aurora theme.

我最喜欢的是Aurora主题。

Download Opera today using the link in the description and start exploring a new era of browsing.

立即通过描述栏中的链接下载Opera，开始探索全新的浏览时代吧。

We've seen how Rome is built almost entirely on old ruins. 表達脈絡

我们已经看到罗马几乎完全是建在旧废墟之上的。

But one of the best examples of a layered city dates back to a time long before Rome ever existed. 短語動詞

但一座层叠城市的最佳例子之一，可以追溯到远在罗马存在之前的时代。

All over the Middle East,

在整个中东地区，

you'll find these strange-looking hills with mysteriously flat tops.

你会发现这些山顶平坦得有些神秘的奇特山丘。

These are known as tells. 文化背景

这些被称为土丘（tells）。

Tel as in Tel Aviv,

就像特拉维夫（Tel Aviv）中的“Tel”一样，

which used to look like this. 語法

它过去看起来是这样的。

These are artificial hills formed by centuries of civilizations building on top of each other.

这些是由几个世纪以来的文明层层叠建而成的人造山丘。

Inside each tell is a world full of old ruins lost in time. 習語

每个土丘里面，都是一个充满了迷失在时间里的古老废墟的世界。

Perhaps one of the most impressive of these is the ancient city of Troy,

也许其中最令人惊叹的是特洛伊古城，

which first began as a small settlement back in 3000 BC.

它最初只是公元前3000年的一个小定居点。

The buildings were mostly made from mud bricks. 短語搭配

建筑主要是用泥砖建成的。

And when they were destroyed,

当它们被摧毁时，

the material decomposed and covered the ruins in soil.

这些材料分解，用泥土覆盖了废墟。

Then a new settlement came along and built on top. 短語動詞

接着，一个新的定居点出现，并建在了上面。

Over the following millennia,

在接下来的几千年中，

eight more civilizations took over this mound, 短語動詞

又有八个文明接管了这个土丘，

going from the Persians to Alexander the Great and eventually the Romans, 表達脈絡

从波斯人到亚历山大大帝，最终是罗马人，

up until the year 500 AD,

直到公元500年，

when the nearby port dried up and the last civilization left the city. 短語動詞

附近的港口干涸，最后一个文明离开了这座城市。

Eventually, the buildings crumbled back into the hill and the soil took over,

最终，建筑物倒塌重新变成了山丘，泥土将其掩埋，

making Troy a complete mystery until it was discovered in the 1800s.

让特洛伊彻底成为了一个谜，直到19世纪才被发现。

In most cases,

在大多数情况下，

humans are the main cause of layered cities.

人类是层叠城市的主要成因。

But there is something we haven't talked about yet. 表達脈絡

但有一件事我们还没有谈过。

What happens when buildings and cities literally sink into the ground?

当建筑物和城市真的沉入地下时会发生什么？

Did you know that Shanghai is currently sinking by around 1 cm every year?

你知道上海目前正以每年约1厘米的速度下沉吗？

In fact,

事实上，

most major cities across China are all sinking.

中国的多数主要城市都在下沉。

For centuries,

几个世纪以来，

the only way to get fresh drinking water was to pump it out of the ground. 講解

获取新鲜饮用水的唯一途径就是从地下抽取。

But by doing this,

但这样做，

the pores that hold the water are emptied,

储存水分的孔隙被腾空，

causing the ground to compress and sink.

导致地面压缩下沉。

This is a problem all over the world,

这是全世界都存在的问题，

but the soil beneath Shanghai is particularly soft.

但上海地下的土壤特别松软。

And with the sheer weight of all the skyscrapers sitting on top, 短語搭配

再加上顶部所有摩天大楼的巨大重量，

the city has shrunk around 3 m in the last century.

这座城市在过去的一个世纪里下沉了大约3米。

When cities sink too much,

当城市下沉太多时，

they fall below sea level and end up completely lost. 短語搭配

它们会降到海平面以下，最终彻底消失。

The only real solution to get above the water is to build on top.

唯一能够保持在水面之上的真正解决方案，就是向上建造。

That is exactly what happened in Seattle.

这正是西雅图所发生的事情。

Although Seattle is only 175 years old, 語法

尽管西雅图只有175年的历史，

it already has an entire network of streets and abandoned buildings hidden beneath the modern city.

它的现代城市下方却已经隐藏着一个由街道和废弃建筑组成的庞大网络。

In 1889,

1889年，

a devastating fire ripped through the newly formed city, 短語動詞

一场毁灭性的大火席卷了这座刚建成不久的城市，

and just like Rome, 表達脈絡

就像罗马一样，

almost everything had to be rebuilt.

几乎所有的东西都需要重建。

The mayor took this as an opportunity to drastically improve the city's design, 短語搭配

市长把这当作一个彻底改善城市设计的机会，

which already had huge problems with flooding.

这座城市之前本就存在着严重的洪水问题。

The idea was to raise the entire city and install drainage pipes underneath the streets, 表達脈絡

他们的想法是抬高整个城市，并在街道下方安装排水管道，

allowing the water to naturally flow out to the sea.

让水能够自然流入大海。

To pull this off, 短語動詞

为了实现这一目标，

6 m high stone walls were built on either side of the streets 短語搭配

他们在街道两侧建造了6米高的石墙，

and roads were built on top.

然后在上面铺设了道路。

For a while,

在一段时间里，

Seattle went through a weird phase with its buildings sat two stories below street level, 短語搭配

西雅图经历了一个奇怪的阶段，它的建筑物比街道低了两层，

and people had to descend on ladders to get to shops and houses.

人们必须爬梯子下去才能去商店和家里。

Eventually, the gaps were filled in and proper sidewalks were installed,

最终，这些空隙被填平，并安装了合适的人行道，

leaving behind a well-preserved city right beneath Seattle's streets.

留下了一个保存完好的城市，就藏在西雅图街道的正下方。

And now, time for the Primal Space giveaway.

现在，是Primal Space的抽奖时间。

The winner of the previous giveaway is Jimmy.

上次抽奖的获胜者是Jimmy。

Congrats.

恭喜。

In the next video,

在下一期视频中，

we'll be giving away another $100 Amazon gift card to one lucky viewer.

我们将向一位幸运观众送出另一张100美元的亚马逊礼品卡。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你所需要做的就是通过下方链接注册，

like the video,

给视频点赞，

and leave a comment saying what you think of these amazing underground ruins.

并留言说说你对这些令人惊叹的地下废墟的看法。

Thank you very much for watching,

非常感谢您的观看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我们下期视频见。