掌控水之秘的古城：英语精读讲义

It's a cold rainy night in the walled city of Cordoba, medieval Spain.

这是中世纪西班牙城墙环绕的科尔多瓦城中一个寒冷的雨夜。

Watchmen guard the city,

守夜人守卫着城市，

unaware that an entire army of Christian soldiers 語法

却不知道整支基督教军队

are about to launch a surprise attack. 語法

即将发动突袭。

In a single night,

在短短一夜之间，

they conquer the entire city,

他们征服了整座城市，

bringing the Muslim rule to an end. 講解

终结了穆斯林的统治。

All over the land,

在这片土地上，

Muslim cities were being conquered 語法

穆斯林城市不断被攻陷，

and taken over by the Christians. 短語動詞

并被基督徒占领。

But amidst all of this, 短語搭配

但在这一切之中，

one city remained unconquered,

有一座城市始终未被征服，

Granada.

那就是格拉纳达。

Thanks to its strategic position 短語搭配

由于其优越的战略位置

and the enormous Alhambra Palace,

以及宏伟的阿尔罕布拉宫，

the city was protected

这座城市得到了保护，

and it remained untouched

并安然无恙地

for another 200 years.

又度过了 200 年。

To this day, 短語搭配

直到今天，

the Alhambra Palace still stands

阿尔罕布拉宫依然屹立，

as one of the most beautiful pieces 語法

成为有史以来

of architecture ever made.

最美丽的建筑杰作之一。

But as you walk through

但当漫步在

the luxurious courtyards and hallways,

奢华的庭院和走廊时，

you start to notice something

你会开始注意到一些

even more special,

更特别的东西，

the water.

那就是水。

Winding its way through the palace 語法

蜿蜒穿过宫殿的，

is a mind-blowing network

是一个令人叹为观止的

of medieval pipes and channels

中世纪管道和渠道网络，

that carry water

它们将水输送

to vibrant gardens,

到生机勃勃的花园、

thermal baths,

温热浴场，

and elegant fountains.

以及优雅的喷泉中。

The engineering required

实现这一切所需的工程技术

to pull this off was astonishing, 短語動詞

令人惊叹，

and it gave the palace things

它为宫殿提供了

like underfloor heating

地暖设施

and fountains that could tell the time. 短語搭配

以及可以报时的喷泉。

This incredible system

这个不可思议的系统

also kept the palace cool

还能保持宫殿凉爽，

and brought life 習語

并带来了生机，

to the surrounding nature

为周围的自然环境，

for hundreds of years.

持续了数百年。

We modeled the entire thing

我们对整个系统进行了建模，

to show you how it all worked

来向你展示它的运作原理，

and the lost mechanisms

以及那些失传的机制，

that once allowed the water

这些机制曾经让水

to defy gravity 習語

克服重力

and travel uphill.

向上流动。

When the ruler of Granada

当格拉纳达的统治者

commissioned the palace, 用詞

下令建造这座宫殿时，

the engineers had one major problem.

工程师们面临着一个大难题。

The hill was around 200 m

这座山大约高出

above Granada's main river,

格拉纳达主要河流 200 米，

and getting water up to the palace

把水引上宫殿

would be a huge challenge.

将是一个巨大的挑战。

And so they followed the river

于是他们顺着河流

6 km upstream

向上游前行了 6 公里，

to a point that was considerably higher 語法

找到了一个比宫殿

than the palace.

高得多的地方。

From here,

从这里开始，

they dammed the river

他们在河上筑坝，

and started redirecting

并开始将水流改道，

it down a new channel

引流至一条被称为

known as the Royal Canal. 短語搭配

“皇家运河”的新渠道中。

With meticulous planning,

经过精心的规划，

it navigated its way 短語搭配

水流穿过了

through the difficult terrain,

复杂的地形，

maintaining a very shallow slope

保持着非常平缓的坡度，

until it arrived just outside the palace.

直到抵达宫殿外围。

It was a huge amount of work,

这是一项浩大的工程，

but this was only the beginning. 表達脈絡

但这仅仅是个开始。

The designers of the palace

宫殿的设计师们

had big ideas,

有着宏大的构想，

elegant fountains shooting out

优雅的喷泉喷射出

jets of water,

水柱，

bathing rooms with showers

带有淋浴设备

and underfloor heating,

和地暖的浴室，

and clocks that were powered by water.

还有由水力驱动的时钟。

All of this required

所有这些都需要

much higher water pressure

比皇家运河所提供的

than the Royal Canal provided.

高得多的水压。

And so to get around this, 短語動詞

为了解决这个问题，

the engineers started digging out

工程师们开始在

a large pool

一个比宫殿高得多的区域

in an area much higher

挖掘一个

than the palace.

大型水池。

Below this,

在这下方，

the water from the Royal Canal

皇家运河的水

would flow into an underground pipe

会流进一根地下管道，

and collect in a well

汇聚在水池下方

60 m below the pool.

60 米深的一口井里。

At the top of the well,

在井口顶部，

the engineers installed a water wheel

工程师们安装了一个水车，

equipped with buckets 短語搭配

上面装有水桶，

that could be turned by an animal.

可以由牲畜拉动旋转。

This would raise the water

这能把水提升

up to the surface

到地面，

and fill the storage pool

将蓄水池注满，

with around 400 cubic meters of water.

可容纳约 400 立方米的水。

Having all this water 語法

将所有这些水

stored above the palace

储存在宫殿上方，

pressurized the entire system

为整个系统提供了压力，

and at the same time

同时，

gave the palace a backup supply

也为宫殿提供了备用的

of water in times of drought. 短語搭配

干旱时期的水源。

From here,

从这里，

the water passed over an aqueduct

水流经过一条高架渠，

and into the palace,

进入宫殿内部，

where things start to get

此时情况开始变得

really interesting.

非常有趣。

The water would split off 短語動詞

水流会分流

into a complex network

进入一个复杂的、

of carefully designed channels

经过精心设计的渠道网络，

carrying just the right amount 短語搭配

将恰到好处的

of water

水量

to the pools and fountains

输送到宫殿各处的

all around the palace.

水池和喷泉中。

The most impressive of which

其中最令人印象深刻的，

was located at the heart 習語

位于宫殿的

of the palace.

中心位置。

Built in the 14th century,

它建于 14 世纪，

it featured 12 lions

以 12 头狮子为特色，

that each shot out a jet of water

每头狮子都会喷出水柱

to show what time of day it was.

来显示当前的时间。

In a controlled sequence,

按照设定的控制顺序，

the lions would activate

狮子们会被激活，

hour by hour

每小时增加一头，

until all of them were spouting out water

直到所有的狮子都在

by midday.

正午时分喷水。

The system would then reset itself

然后系统会自行重置，

and the process would start again.

整个过程重新开始。

But how was this possible

但依靠中世纪的技术，

with medieval technology?

这怎么可能做到呢？

Inside the fountain

其实在喷泉内部，

was an early version

藏着一个早期版本的

of the Opera web browser.

Opera 网页浏览器。

Just kidding. 語氣意圖

开个玩笑。

Opera R2 is the next generation

Opera R2 是新一代的

of web browsing

网页浏览器，

with elevated music

拥有强大的音乐

and video playback capabilities

和视频播放功能，

and a whole new way

以及一种全新的

to deal with tabs.

标签页管理方式。

Without interrupting 語法

无需打断

your browsing experience,

你的浏览体验，

you can control your music

你就能控制音乐播放，

and even watch YouTube

甚至能在浏览网页的同时

while you browse.

观看 YouTube 视频。

Just hover over the player icon

只需将鼠标悬停在

on your music streaming service

音乐流媒体服务的播放器图标上，

to skip a song

就能跳过当前歌曲，

and pop out your YouTube video 短語動詞

还可以将 YouTube 视频弹出

and stick it in the corner

固定在屏幕角落，

while you browse.

一边浏览一边看。

Getting lost in your tabs

在众多标签页中迷失

is a thing of the past 習語

已成为过去，

thanks to tab islands,

这要归功于标签岛功能，

which lets you organize your tabs

它能让你按类别

by category

组织标签页，

and automatically groups them together.

并自动将它们分组。

Opera also gives

Opera 还会为你提供

you a subtle hint

关于最近使用的标签页的

at your most recently used tabs,

巧妙提示，

so you never lose track 習語

让你永远不会忘记

of what you're doing.

自己正在做的事情。

Even split-screening two pages

甚至双网页分屏

is super easy

也超级简单，

and can be done

且无需

without opening different windows.

打开不同的窗口即可完成。

With Opera's built-in AI features,

借助 Opera 内置的 AI 功能，

you can get answers to questions

你可以获取问题的答案，

without leaving the page

而无需离开

you are working on.

正在处理的页面。

Just hit control plus slash

只需按下 Control 键加斜杠

to open the Aria command line

即可打开 Aria 命令行，

and explore more

探索有关任何主题的

about any topic.

更多信息。

With Aria's image features,

利用 Aria 的图像功能，

you can generate images

你可以生成图片，

and also upload your own images

也可以上传自己的图片，

and get a detailed rundown 用詞

并获取图片内容的

of what's in the image.

详细解析。

The look and feel of Opera 短語搭配

Opera 的外观和体验

is fully customizable

完全可自定义，

with different themes

提供多种主题，

that let you change the background,

让你更改背景、

UI colors,

UI 颜色、

sounds,

声音，

and more.

以及更多内容。

Download Opera today

今天就通过简介里的链接

with the link in the description

下载 Opera，

and start experiencing

开始体验

the next generation of browsing.

新一代的浏览方式吧。

In order for the Alhambra's central fountain 語法

为了让阿尔罕布拉宫的中央喷泉

to tell the time,

能够报时，

the engineers came up 短語動詞

工程师们设计出了

with a very clever but simple design.

一种非常巧妙但简单的结构。

The large bowl

喷泉中心

in the center of the fountain

那个巨大的水盆

had 12 holes

开有 12 个孔，

placed at very specific heights,

位置处于非常特定的高度，

each leading to a lion

每个孔都通过一系列内部管道

via a series of internal pipes.

连接到一头狮子。

A central pipe would fill the bowl

一根中央管道会以缓慢且恒定的速度

at a slow and constant rate, 短語搭配

向水盆注水，

causing the water level to rise 語法

导致水位上升，

and activate the lions one by one.

并逐一激活狮子喷水。

The holes were so precisely calculated 語法

这些孔经过了极其精确的计算，

and the water supply was so constant

且供水非常稳定，

that it would take exactly 1 hour

刚好需要 1 小时

to reach the next hole.

才能漫到下一个孔。

After 12 hours,

12 小时后，

the bowl would be full of water

水盆注满水，

and a clever siphon inside the bowl

水盆内部的一个巧妙虹吸管

would reset the system naturally.

会自然地重置整个系统。

As the water inside the bowl 語法

当水盆里的水位

started to rise,

开始上升时，

so did the water in the siphon.

虹吸管里的水位也随之上升。

Once it reached the top

一旦水漫过

of the siphon,

虹吸管的顶部，

it would curve

水流就会顺着弯曲处

and start falling down

开始向下流入

the drainage pipe.

排水管。

At this point,

在这个时候，

a seal was created

形成了一个水封，

and no air could get in

空气无法进入

to replace the falling water.

以取代流下的水。

This activated the siphon

这激活了虹吸效应，

and the surface tension

下落水流的

of the falling water

表面张力

would pull the rest of the water

会将剩余的水

with it.

一起拉下去。

In a matter of seconds, 短語搭配

短短几秒钟内，

the bowl would drain completely

水盆就会被完全排空，

and the process would start again.

接着整个过程将重新开始。

The water from the lions

从狮子口中喷出的水

would exit via four shallow channels

会通过地面上的

in the ground

四条浅水渠流出，

and continue on throughout the palace,

继续在整个宫殿中流淌，

eventually reaching another

最终到达另一个

engineering marvel, 短語搭配

工程奇迹，

the thermal baths.

温热浴场。

This is where the kings and diplomats 文化背景

这是国王和外交官们

would come to relax

前来放松

and make deals.

和洽谈事务的地方。

It featured a cold plunge pool, 用詞

它设有冷水浴池，

a hot room with heated flooring,

带有加热地板的高温浴室，

and a steam room.

以及一个蒸汽浴室。

The water would enter

水首先进入

a control room underground

地下的一个控制室，

and pass through a copper boiler

并流过一个由燃烧木柴加热的

that was heated by burning wood. 語法

铜制锅炉。

From here,

从这里开始，

the water would flow through pipes

水会通过管道流向

to various fountains and showers

浴场周围的

around the baths.

各个喷泉和淋浴器。

To provide underfloor heating 語法

为了在高温浴室提供

in the hot room,

地暖，

the steam from the boiler

锅炉产生的蒸汽

was directed through channels

被引流至

underneath the marble floor.

大理石地板下方的通道中。

From there,

从那里，

the steam would travel up

蒸汽会顺着

through pillars in the steam room

蒸汽室的柱子向上流动，

and exit through small vents,

并通过小通风口排出，

filling the room with water vapor. 語法

让房间里充满水蒸气。

The roof had a series

屋顶有一系列

of star-shaped windows

星形窗户，

that could be opened and closed 語法

可以随意开合，

to control the level of steam.

用来控制蒸汽量。

As the water continued on

当水继续流经

through the Alhambra's network

阿尔罕布拉宫的

of fountains,

喷泉、

channels,

水渠、

and pools,

和水池网络时，

it had another benefit, 表達脈絡

它还带来了另一个好处，

cooling.

降温。

Granada is an extremely hot

格拉纳达是西班牙

part of Spain,

极其炎热的地区，

but as the warm air blew

但当暖风吹过

over the pools and fountains,

水池和喷泉时，

the water would evaporate,

水就会蒸发，

cooling the air surrounding the palace 語法

从而冷却宫殿周围的空气，

and making it a very comfortable place

让这里成为一个非常舒适的

to be.

居所。

The water continued all the way

水一直流经

through the palace

整座宫殿，

until it reached the western portion

直到抵达宫殿的

of the palace,

西部区域，

where the soldiers lived.

那里是士兵居住的地方。

It was built slightly higher

它的地势比宫殿其余部分

than the rest of the palace,

稍微高一些，

and so the water had to make

所以水需要进行

a final 6 m climb

最后 6 米的攀升

to reach it.

才能到达那里。

We saw how water wheels

我们见过水车是如何

were used to raise the water,

被用来提水的，

but for this section,

但针对这个区域，

they came up with something

他们想出了一个

much more impressive.

更令人赞叹的办法。

This was a special device

这是一种特殊装置，

that didn't require water wheels, 語法

不需要水车、

animals,

动物、

or any external power.

或任何外部动力。

Here's how it worked. 表達脈絡

它的运作原理如下：

Water from the system

系统中的水

would flow into a container

会流入一个容器，

with a hole in the bottom

容器底部有个洞

leading down to another container below.

通向下方的另一个容器。

As the water traveled down

当水顺着管道

through the pipe,

向下流淌时，

a whirlpool would form 語法

顶部容器中会形成

in the top container.

一个漩涡。

At the center of the whirlpool,

在漩涡中心，

a low-pressure area would form,

会形成一个低压区，

sucking air downwards 語法

将空气向下吸入，

and into the container below.

并送入下方的容器中。

Here,

在这里，

the air and water would mix

空气和水混合，

and this gassy water

这种充满气泡的水

would be forced into a thin pipe.

会被挤压进一根细管道中。

The potential energy in both pipes

两根管道的势能

was the same,

是相等的，

meaning under normal circumstances, 短語搭配

这意味着在正常情况下，

the water pushing down in this pipe

这根管道中向下推的水

would push the water upwards

会同等地

equally in this pipe.

将那根管道中的水向上推。

But since the water

但由于

in the thinner pipe

较细管道里的水，

was full of air bubbles,

充满了气泡，

it was lighter

它变得更轻，

and could travel higher up the pipe.

从而能在管道中升得更高。

By passing a constant flow of water 語法

通过让水持续不断地

through the whirlpool,

流过漩涡，

this device was able to raise water 語法

这个装置能够将水位

6 m higher than when it entered,

提升到比入口高出 6 米的位置，

providing water

从而为宫殿其余部分

to the rest of the palace.

供水。

Today,

今天，

many of the clever water systems

宫殿周围许多精妙的水系统

around the palace still work

仍在运作，

and it's all thanks 短語搭配

这全都要归功于

to the incredible engineers

数百年前建造它们的

who made them hundreds of years ago.

了不起的工程师们。

And now,

现在，

time for the Primal Space giveaway.

是 Primal Space 抽奖时间。

The winner of the previous giveaway

上一期抽奖的赢家

is Graeme.

是 Graeme。

Congrats.

恭喜你。

In the next video,

在下期视频中，

we'll be giving away

我们将送出

this awesome Alhambra framed print.

这幅精美的阿尔罕布拉宫镶框画。

All you need to do 語法

你需要做的

is sign up at the link below,

就是通过下方链接注册，

like the video,

点赞视频，

and leave a comment saying

并留言说说

which part of the water system

水系统的哪一部分

impressed you the most.

最让你印象深刻。

Thank you very much for watching

非常感谢你的观看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我们下期视频再见。