130,000帧/秒下的鲁珀特之泪之谜 - 每天变聪明一点 86：英语精读讲义

Hey,

嘿，

it's me Destin.

我是Destin。

Welcome back to Smarter Every Day.

欢迎回到《Smarter Every Day》。

Today we're gonna do awesome science with Orbix Hot Glass

今天我们要和Orbix Hot Glass一起做些超酷的科学实验，

here at Lookout Mountain, Alabama.

地点在阿拉巴马州的Lookout Mountain。

Goggle up.

戴上护目镜。

Science is about to happen. 語法

科学实验马上开始。

We're gonna use a high speed camera

我们要用一台高速摄像机，

and learn about Prince Rupert's drop.

来了解“鲁珀特之泪”。

It's never been done on the internet.

这在网上以前还没人做过。

You're gonna learn something and let's go.

你会学到新知识的，我们开始吧。

Okay,

好了，

we are here inside the shop with Cal.

我们现在和Cal在工作室里。

Cal owns the place.

Cal是这里的老板。

Can you show me how to make a Prince Rupert's drop? 語法

你能给我展示下怎么制作鲁珀特之泪吗？

Sure.

当然。

I'm gonna gather some glass.

我去取一些玻璃液。

Drop it in a bucket of cold water.

把它滴进一桶冷水里。

Cold water.

冷水。

So,

那么，

after it cools down, 短語動詞

等它冷却后，

this is what you're left with. 短語搭配

你就会得到这个。

Kind of looks like a tadpole, 語氣意圖

看起来有点像蝌蚪，

but it has some really interesting mechanical properties. 用詞

但它具有一些非常有趣的力学特性。

We can actually hit this thing with a hammer

我们实际上可以用锤子砸这东西，

and it won't break.

它也不会碎。

Okay,

好的，

I'm ready.

我准备好了。

Didn't go.

没碎。

Okay,

好了，

I think Cal is kind of a pansy. 用詞

我觉得Cal有点弱爆了。

So,

那么，

do you think you can break it?

你觉得你能砸碎它吗？

So,

所以，

we're gonna try again,

我们再试一次，

only this time I'm gonna make him hit it really hard 表達脈絡

不过这次我要让他狠狠地砸，

and I'm gonna record it with high speed.

然后我会用高速摄像机记录下来。

Does that work?

这样行吗？

Do you think you can break it?

你觉得你能砸碎它吗？

All right.

好的。

Let's do it.

咱们来吧。

The challenge is on. 習語

挑战开始。

All right,

好，

just hit it?

直接砸吗？

Yeah.

是的。

So,

那么，

do you think you actually broke it?

你觉得你真的把它砸碎了吗？

I don't think you did.

我觉得你没有。

You think you broke it?

你以为你把它砸碎了？

I know I broke it.

我知道我砸碎了它。

Let's look at the high speed.

让我们看看高速回放。

Okay,

好的，

so the drop broke,

玻璃滴确实碎了，

but technically it wasn't the hammer that broke it.

但严格来说，不是锤子把它砸碎的。

If you look close in the high speed,

如果仔细看高速回放，

you can see that it's the wiggling of the tail that makes it go. 語法

你会发现是尾部的摆动让它碎裂的。

This is the mystery of the Prince Rupert's drop.

这就是鲁珀特之泪的奥秘。

You can try as hard as you can to break the bulb, 語法

你可以使出全身力气去砸那个头部，

but you can't.

但你砸不碎。

But if you even nick the tail, 用詞

但如果你稍微弄破哪怕一点尾部，

the entire thing will explode.

整个东西就会爆炸。

Not shatter, 表達脈絡

不是碎裂，

but actually explode.

而是真正的爆炸。

Let's go outside and I'll show you more.

我们去外面，我给你看更多细节。

Okay,

好了，

we're gonna just run an obscene frame rate here. 用詞

我们要在这里使用一个疯狂的高帧率。

We have this Phantom V1610.

我们有这台Phantom V1610。

So,

那么，

glass breaking occurs so fast 語法

玻璃破碎的过程发生得太快了，

that you have to have like hundreds of thousands of frames per second. 語氣意圖

所以你需要每秒几十万帧的帧率。

So,

于是，

we're gonna have a lower resolution

我们的分辨率会低一些，

and we have to have a lot of light as well.

而且我们还需要很多光线。

We're also gonna use this Miro over here

我们也要用旁边的这台Miro，

to run about 3,000 frames per second

拍摄大概每秒3000帧的画面，

so we can get a wide shot 用詞

这样我们可以获得一个全景镜头，

to see the whole event as well.

从而看到整个过程。

3 2 1 go.

3 2 1 开始。

Ooh.

噢。

Okay,

好了，

now we understand what a Prince Rupert's drop does,

现在我们知道鲁珀特之泪有什么特性了，

but at this point we don't quite understand why it does it. 講解

但目前我们还不完全明白它为什么会这样。

Let's take a closer look. 短語搭配

让我们仔细看看。

Okay,

好的，

this is called a polariscope

这个叫做偏振仪，

and basically what it is is it's a filtered piece of glass that's polarized. 語法

简单来说就是一块带偏振过滤的玻璃。

Now,

现在，

I have another filter here.

我这里还有一块滤镜。

You can see if I turn it,

你可以看到，如果我转动它，

then I can block out the light. 短語動詞

我就能挡住光线。

Now,

现在，

if I put this on the camera that you're looking through here

如果我把它放在你正在看的镜头上，

and then I put the Prince Rupert's drop in between the two pieces of glass,

然后把鲁珀特之泪放在两块玻璃中间，

you should be able to see the internal stresses built up inside the Prince Rupert's drop. 短語動詞

你应该就能看到鲁珀特之泪内部积累的应力。

So,

那么，

to understand how these stresses got here,

为了理解这些应力是怎么来的，

let's use the color gray to represent nice and strong solid glass. 短語搭配

让我们用灰色代表坚固的固体玻璃。

We'll use red to represent molten glass

我们用红色代表熔融玻璃，

and because of the thermal expansion coefficient,

由于热膨胀系数的原因，

it's safe to assume that the higher the temperature, 講解

可以肯定地说，温度越高，

the larger this glass wants to be.

这块玻璃想要的体积就越大。

Blue represents glass that's cooling off or transitioning between the two states.

蓝色代表正在冷却或在两种状态之间过渡的玻璃。

Because of that same thermal expansion coefficient,

同样因为热膨胀系数，

this glass is shrinking and basically pulling in on itself.

这块玻璃在收缩，基本上就是在向内拉扯自己。

Think of a Prince Rupert's drop as a bunch of little infinitesimal pieces of glass 表達脈絡

把鲁珀特之泪想象成一堆微小玻璃块的集合，

with each piece trying to interact with the pieces around it. 語法

每一块都试图与周围的块发生相互作用。

When the molten glass is first dripped into the water,

当熔融玻璃刚滴入水中时，

the outside layer touches the water and immediately solidifies.

外层接触到水并立即凝固。

This locks in that outside shape of the drop. 短語動詞

这锁定了玻璃滴的外部形状。

The inside of the drop,

玻璃滴的内部，

however,

然而，

is still a hot expanded liquid.

仍然是高温膨胀的液体。

As heat's transferred to the water, 語法

随着热量传递给水，

that glass on the inside slowly begins to cool down

内部的玻璃慢慢开始冷却，

and pulls in against that outside layer.

并向内拉扯那一层外壳。

The problem is that because it's already locked in as a round solid,

问题是，因为外壳已经被锁定为一个圆形的固体，

it only compresses tighter against itself.

它只能越来越紧地向内挤压。

This actually makes it stronger,

这实际上让它变得更坚固了，

kind of like how an arch compresses and gets stronger when you put your weight on it, 講解

就像拱门在受到重压时会压缩并变得更坚固一样，

only this is in all directions.

只不过这发生在所有方向上。

And because the cooling glass can't move that outside layer,

由于冷却的玻璃无法移动那一层外壳，

it begins to pull against itself,

它开始向内拉扯自身，

causing it to be in extremely high tension. 語法

导致它处于极高的张力之下。

It then hardens in this state of tension and there you have it, 習語

然后它在这种张力状态下硬化，于是就有了，

a Prince Rupert's drop.

一颗鲁珀特之泪。

The outside is in extremely high compressive stress 用詞

外部处于极高的压应力之下，

and the inside is in extremely high tensile stress.

而内部处于极高的拉应力之下。

If one link in this tension chain is ever cut, 習語

如果这条张力链上的任何一环被切断，

it breaks on down the line

它就会沿着链条破裂，

feeding off of its own stored up energy 短語動詞

消耗它自己储存的能量，

just like a chemical explosive does.

就像化学爆炸物一样。

The difference here is that instead of releasing chemical potential energy, 語法

不同之处在于，这里释放的不是化学势能，

mechanical strain energy is released.

而是释放出了机械应变能。

This wave of energy is what we call a failure front. 短語搭配

这股能量波就是我们所说的破坏阵面。

You can directly measure the velocity of that failure front

你可以直接测量那个破坏阵面的速度，

as long as you have a camera fast enough. 語法

只要你的相机足够快。

Let's give it a shot at 130,000 frames per second. 習語

让我们用每秒130000帧的速度试一下。

3 2 1 go.

3 2 1 开始。

Got it?

拍到了吗？

So,

那么，

a big thanks to Cal from Orbix Hot Glass.

非常感谢Orbix Hot Glass的Cal。

If you found this interesting and you want to support him by buying stuff,

如果你觉得这很有趣，想买些东西支持他，

go click on the link wherever I put it

去点我放的链接吧，

and uh go check out his website. 短語動詞

去看看他的网站。

Click the cat to subscribe with the helmet.

点击那只戴头盔的猫订阅。

It's a sad-looking cat.

它看起来是只伤心的猫。

You've never caught the cat on fire, ever?

你从没把这只猫点着过，是吗？

Never.

从来没有。

Not even once?

一次也没有？

Never.

从来没有。

These things are named for a guy named Prince Rupert, 用詞

这东西是以一个叫鲁珀特王子的人命名的，

imagine that, 語氣意圖

想象一下，

who lived in Bavaria back in the 1600s. 短語搭配

他在17世纪生活在巴伐利亚。

Here.

给你。

Here.

给。

No.

不。

He brought these over as a gift to King Charles II in England,

他把这些当做礼物带到英格兰送给查理二世，

who gave them to his Royal Society to try to figure out. 講解

查理二世又把它们交给了他的皇家学会去试着搞清楚。

Yep,

好的，

ready.

准备。

Holy smokes! 習語

我的天！

tension's killing me. 習語

这紧张感要折磨死我了。

NO! DON'T blow up! 語法

不！别炸！

You know what,

你知道吗，

blow...

炸……

Blowed up.

炸了。

Yep.

是啊。

It blowed up,

炸了，