世界上最高效的太空计划：英语精读讲义

In 1961, the Soviet Union launched the first human into space.

1961年，苏联将第一位人类送入太空。

In 1969, America put the first man on the moon.

1969年，美国将第一位人类送上月球。

In 2019, China landed the first spacecraft on the far side of the moon.

2019年，中国实现首个航天器在月球背面着陆。

Since day one, the space flight industry has been extremely competitive 短語搭配

从第一天起，航天领域的竞争就异常激烈，

with countries developing the most advanced technologies and pushing the boundaries of what humans are capable of. 習語

各国都在开发最先进的技术，并不断突破人类能力的极限。

But one country that isn't often mentioned in the history of space flight is India.

但在航天史上，有一个国家常常被忽略，那就是印度。

For decades, the Indian space agency has been quietly working away and achieving some incredible results. 短語動詞

几十年来，印度航天局一直在默默耕耘，并取得了一些令人难以置信的成果。

In this video, we're going to look at the efficiency of India's space program.

在本视频中，我们将探讨印度太空计划的高效性。

We're also going to look at its relationship with private space companies and how that could change in the future.

我们还将审视它与私营商业航天公司的关系，以及未来可能发生的变化。

When India began their space program in 1969,

1969年，当印度开启其太空计划时，

they entered into a world dominated by America and the Soviet Union.

他们进入了一个由美国和苏联主导的世界。

In the States, people were living well and businesses were booming with the new advancements in technology. 用詞

在美国，人们生活优渥，新技术的进步带动了商业的繁荣。

In India, the people had nothing and with a controlling government, even food was hard to come by. 習語

而在印度，人民一无所有，在政府的管控下，甚至连食物都很难获得。

It was a strange time to start a space program.

在那个时候启动太空计划似乎有些不合时宜。

Apollo 11 had just returned from the moon 語法

当时阿波罗11号刚刚从月球返回，

and NASA were spending around $40 billion each year in today's money. 用詞

NASA每年的花费相当于如今的大约400亿美元。

India came onto the scene with a mere $1 billion. 講解

而印度刚起步时，预算仅有区区10亿美元。

So in order to make any impact in the space community,

因此，要想在航天界产生任何影响，

they had to get smart.

他们必须另辟蹊径。

Since day one, India was focused on using their space program to improve aspects of their own country.

从一开始，印度就专注于利用太空计划来改善本国国情。

Things like telephone communication and weather forecasts were almost non-existent at the time.

当时，电话通讯和天气预报等事物几乎不存在。

And for a country that was based on agriculture, this was a big problem.

对于一个以农业为主的国家来说，这是个大问题。

So over the next decade,

因此，在接下来的十年里，

India began launching satellites to provide communications and important weather data to improve the farming industry.

印度开始发射卫星，以提供通讯和重要的气象数据，从而改善农业。

But how did they manage to do all of this on such a tight budget? 短語搭配

但是，他们是如何在如此紧张的预算下做到这一切的呢？

The early days of India's space program were extremely humble.

印度太空计划的早期阶段极其艰苦。

Rocket parts were often transported by bike

火箭部件常常用自行车运输，

and larger components like satellites were transported by bull carts.

而像卫星这样较大的部件则用牛车运输。

During this time, India's space program employed just 3,000 workers.

在此期间，印度太空计划仅雇佣了3000名员工。

To put this into perspective, 表達脈絡

作为对比，

NASA was employing around 200,000 workers during the Apollo program.

在阿波罗计划期间，NASA雇佣了大约20万名员工。

Nowadays, the employee count between ISRO and NASA is much more similar.

如今，ISRO和NASA的员工人数已经相差无几。

But the efficiencies in India's infrastructure can still be seen today.

但印度基础设施建设的高效今天依然可见一斑。

India's space program pays far less for its skilled workforce than any other space agency. 語法

印度太空计划为其技术人员支付的薪酬远低于其他任何航天机构。

The average aerospace engineer in India gets paid around $10,000,

印度普通航空航天工程师的年薪约为1万美元，

whereas in America, the same job would pay eight times more.

而在美国，同样的工作薪酬要高出八倍。

This massive difference in cost allows India to undercut other countries on the cost to manufacture each rocket. 用詞

这种巨大的成本差异使得印度在制造每枚火箭的成本上能够低于其他国家。

Although most of India's rockets are only designed to launch small payloads,

尽管印度的大多数火箭只设计用于发射小型有效载荷，

in some cases, the cost for launching on an Indian rocket is 70% cheaper than other options.

但在某些情况下，使用印度火箭发射的成本比其他选择要便宜70%。

The PSLV is India's workhorse rocket 習語

PSLV是印度的主力火箭，

and it has a surprisingly low launch cost of just $15 million.

它的发射成本低得令人惊讶，仅为1500万美元。

In 2017, it pulled off a mission that stunned space programs around the world 短語動詞

2017年，它完成了一项令全球航天界震惊的任务，

by launching an incredible 104 satellites into orbit. 短語搭配

成功将令人难以置信的104颗卫星送入轨道。

Despite the extra engineering required to pull this off,

尽管完成这一任务需要额外的工程技术，

sharing the launch cost between so many people made the cost for each satellite company extremely cheap.

但将发射成本分摊给这么多客户，使得每家卫星公司的成本都变得极其便宜。

But India's cheap workforce is only half of what makes their rockets so affordable. 語法

但是，廉价劳动力仅仅是印度火箭价格如此亲民的原因之一。

Instead of outsourcing rocket parts to foreign companies,

印度并未将火箭部件外包给外国公司，

India gets most of its materials from local companies.

而是从本地公司获取大部分材料。

Although they might be able to find more advanced components elsewhere,

尽管他们或许能在别处找到更先进的部件，

keeping all of the parts in-house saves India up to 50% in overall costs. 用詞

但将所有部件留在国内生产，为印度节省了高达50%的整体成本。

Utilizing the expertise of other companies is a common theme in space flight.

利用其他公司的专业技术是航天飞行中的一个常见主题。

Now that the technology required to get into orbit is much more obtainable, 語法

如今，进入轨道所需的技术已经变得更容易获得，

it has allowed private companies like SpaceX and Rocket Lab

这使得像SpaceX和Rocket Lab这样的私营公司

to make a massive impact in the space flight community.

能够对航天界产生巨大影响。

But this is one area that holds India back. 短語動詞

但这也正是制约印度发展的一个领域。

Although it's not illegal for India's private companies to enter space,

尽管印度私营公司进入太空并不违法，

the laws and regulations make it almost impossible for private space ventures to be set up. 語法

但其法律和法规使得建立私营航天企业几乎成为不可能。

Until recently, a new space bill has been written 文化背景

直到最近，印度才起草了一项新的太空法案，

to allow the private sector to develop their own rockets and satellites.

允许私营部门开发自己的火箭和卫星。

Traditionally, ISRO have contracted private companies 用詞

传统上，ISRO会将火箭和航天器的设计与制造

to design and manufacture their rockets and spacecraft.

承包给私营公司。

Now private companies can spend their own time and money

现在，私营公司可以投入自己的时间和资金

in developing more advanced spacecraft for interplanetary missions.

来开发用于星际任务的更先进的航天器。

Although India has experience with this,

尽管印度在这方面有经验，

their interplanetary missions in the past have been limited in terms of what they can discover. 短語搭配

但他们过去的星际任务在探索能力上是有限的。

But this isn't a fault of India's space program. 表達脈絡

但这并非印度太空计划的缺陷。

This is by choice.

而是他们自己的选择。

A common theme that runs through India's space program is high ambition paired with a low budget. 講解

贯穿印度太空计划的一个共同主题是：雄心勃勃但预算微薄。

India always wanted to go to the moon and Mars

印度一直渴望登陆月球和火星，

and they didn't let their small budget stop them. 語法

而且他们并没有让有限的预算成为阻碍。

The Mars Orbiter Mission, which launched in 2013,

2013年发射的火星轨道探测器任务，

made India only the fourth space agency to successfully get to Mars

使印度成为仅有的第四个成功抵达火星的航天机构，

and they did it on their first attempt.

并且他们首次尝试就获得了成功。

They also did this on a shoestring budget of just $74 million, 習語

他们也是在区区7400万美元的极低预算下完成的，

a fraction of what other space agencies typically spend. 語法

这仅仅是其他航天机构通常花费的一小部分。

Apart from making their spacecraft small and simple,

除了让航天器保持小巧简单外，

India likes to keep the overall duration of the mission as short as possible. 語法

印度还喜欢尽可能缩短任务的整体持续时间。

NASA has multiple missions that have spanned decades

NASA有多个跨越数十年的任务，

and racked up enormous running costs. 短語動詞

并积累了巨额的运营成本。

From the initial conception to the end of operation, 短語搭配

而从最初的构想到任务结束，

India's missions are designed to only run for a few years.

印度的任务通常设计为只运行几年。

So although India's capabilities and achievements might not be on the same scale as NASA, 短語搭配

因此，尽管印度的能力和成就在规模上可能不及NASA，

their incredible ambition and clever cost efficiency

但他们惊人的雄心和巧妙的成本效益，

has allowed them to become one of the world's key players in the space community. 習語

使得他们能够成为全球航天界的主要参与者之一。

From their humble beginnings cycling rocket parts back and forth 表達脈絡

从骑着自行车来回运送火箭部件的卑微起步，

to launching spacecraft to other planets,

到向其他行星发射航天器，

their ability to achieve so much with so little is an inspiring story 習語

他们用极少的资源取得如此巨大成就的能力是一个鼓舞人心的故事，

which sums up the Indian spirit. 短語動詞

同时也完美诠释了印度精神。

In order to continue being one of the greatest space agencies in the world,

为了继续保持世界顶尖航天机构之一的地位，

India will need to hire the next generation of talented and creative engineers.

印度将需要雇佣下一代才华横溢、富有创造力的工程师。

KiwiCo creates super cool hands-on projects designed to get kids thinking about concepts in STEAM 講解

KiwiCo创造了超级酷的动手项目，旨在让孩子们思考STEAM领域的概念，

like science, technology, engineering, art, and math.

比如科学、技术、工程、艺术和数学。

Each monthly crate is designed by experts and tested by kids

每个月的项目盒均由专家设计并由孩子们测试，

and includes an interesting project to build like this glowing pendulum.

其中包含一个有趣的拼装项目，比如这个发光钟摆。

This year, things have been a little different. 語氣意圖

今年，情况有些不同。

Many kids and students are having to do most of their learning online. 語法

许多孩子和学生不得不大部分时间都在网上学习。

KiwiCo's projects are a brilliant way to let kids learn from home

KiwiCo的项目是让孩子们在家学习的绝佳方式，

whilst getting them away from the computer. 用詞

同时也能让他们远离电脑。

KiwiCo has eight different subscription options

KiwiCo有八种不同的订阅选项，

with crates for different age groups and topics.

提供针对不同年龄段和主题的项目盒。

Each project provides kids with hours of entertainment

每个项目都能为孩子们提供数小时的娱乐，

and teaches them new things every month.

并且每个月都能教给他们新东西。

Each box also comes with all the supplies needed for that month's project.

每个盒子里还附带了该月项目所需的所有材料。

So there's no need for extra runs to the store.

所以没有必要额外跑去商店购买。

Just follow the helpful instructions

只需遵循有用的说明，

and you can't go wrong. 習語

你就不会弄错。

With the holiday season approaching fast, 語法

随着假期的临近，

KiwiCo is the perfect gift

KiwiCo是完美的礼物，

to introduce kids to the world of science and technology.

可以向孩子们介绍科学与技术的世界。

To support Primal Space and try out KiwiCo,

要支持Primal Space并尝试KiwiCo，

visit kiwico.com/primalspace to get your first month for free.

请访问kiwico.com/primalspace，免费获取您的首月产品。

If you would like to support the channel even more, 語氣意圖

如果你想进一步支持本频道，

consider becoming a patron where you can give your input on each video

请考虑成为赞助者，你可以在那里对每个视频发表意见，

and join our exclusive Discord server.

并加入我们的专属Discord服务器。

Thank you very much for watching

非常感谢您的观看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我们下期视频再见。