发现理查三世：英语精读讲义

Some mysteries are just waiting to be solved and some end up revealing themselves. 語法

有些谜团只能等待被解开，而有些则会自己浮出水面。

When the King of England, Richard III, was thrown into his grave 500 years ago,

当英格兰国王理查三世在500年前被草草下葬时，

it started one of the biggest mysteries of all time. 語法

便开启了史上最大的谜团之一。

Centuries of lies, rumors, myths, and mistakes

几个世纪以来的谎言、谣传、神话与错误，

led to his burial site becoming shrouded in mystery. 習語

导致他的埋骨之地变得迷雾重重。

And the question was, where did he go?

那么问题来了，他到底去哪儿了？

All of this led one lady to a small parking lot in England

这一切把一位女士引向了英格兰的一个小停车场，

where all of a sudden an enormous clue revealed itself. 短語搭配

在那里，一条巨大的线索突然显现出来。

This is the story of how one of England's most famous kings vanished

这就是英格兰最著名国王之一离奇消失的故事，

and the incredible work that went into tracking him down. 短語動詞

以及为了寻找到他而付出的令人惊叹的努力。

We modeled the entire thing to show you how his body was found

我们对整个过程进行了建模，向你展示他的遗骸是如何被发现的，

and the 500-year-old DNA test that proved it was really him.

以及证明那确实是他的那份有着500年历史的DNA测试。

When the Battle of Bosworth came to an end, 講解

当博斯沃思战役结束时，

Richard III was found dead.

理查三世被发现已经阵亡。

His enemy, Henry Tudor, immediately declared himself king, 語法

他的死敌亨利·都铎立即宣布自己为王，

and Richard's body was taken off to the town of Leicester

而理查的遗体被带到了莱斯特镇，

and put on display for the whole town to see. 短語搭配

并被公开展示给全镇人看。

According to records, 短語搭配

根据记录，

he was buried unceremoniously beneath the Greyfriars Church, 文化背景

他被毫不讲究地埋在了灰衣修士教堂的下面，

and a monument was eventually placed above his grave.

并且最终在他的坟墓上方放置了一座纪念碑。

But 40 years later,

但40年后，

Henry VIII began taking down the Catholic Church, 文化背景

亨利八世开始打压天主教会，

and in just 5 years,

短短5年内，

every church across the country was shut down,

全国各地的每一座教堂都被关闭，

and many were demolished, including Greyfriars.

许多甚至被拆毁，其中就包括灰衣修士教堂。

The land where it once stood was eventually bought by the Mayor of Leicester,

它曾经矗立的那块土地最终被莱斯特市长买下，

and a mansion was built on top of the site.

并在遗址上建起了一座宅邸。

Although the monument had been destroyed,

尽管纪念碑已被毁，

the Mayor knew exactly where Richard was located,

但市长清楚地知道理查所在的位置，

and so he placed his own monument to mark the spot.

于是他放置了自己的纪念碑来标记这个地点。

But in 1611,

但是在1611年，

a story was published that would completely alter the course of this mystery,

由历史学家约翰·斯皮德撰写的一篇故事发表了，它将彻底改变这个谜团的走向。

written by historian John Speed.

这篇由历史学家约翰·斯皮德所写的故事

It stated that when the church was demolished,

声称在教堂被拆毁时，

Richard's body had been taken out by an angry mob

理查的遗体被愤怒的暴民挖出，

and buried under the nearby Bow Bridge.

并埋在了附近的弓桥下。

Although it wasn't clear where this story came from, 語法

虽然不清楚这个故事从何而来，

people started to believe it,

但人们开始相信它，

and over time, 表達脈絡

随着时间的推移，

it became the truth.

它变成了所谓的真相。

By the 1800s, everyone knew this story.

到了19世纪，每个人都知道这个故事。

And eventually, a plaque was placed next to the bridge to mark the spot of Richard's burial.

最终，在桥边放置了一块牌匾，以标记理查下葬的地点。

A few years later,

几年后，

a skeleton was found in the river,

在河里发现了一具骷髅，

and people believed they had actually found the body of Richard III. 語法

人们认为他们真的找到了理查三世的遗骸。

By the 21st century,

到了21世纪，

the actual whereabouts of the King were a complete mystery. 用詞

这位国王的真实下落已经成了一个完全的谜团。

The Mayor's mansion that once marked his grave was long gone,

曾经标记他坟墓的市长宅邸早已不复存在，

and the original Greyfriars Church was now buried under several layers of buildings.

而原来的灰衣修士教堂现在被好几层建筑掩埋着。

But in the early 2000s,

但在2000年代初，

members of the Richard III Society started looking for him.

理查三世协会的成员开始寻找他。

Thanks to modern technology,

得益于现代科技，

they were able to recreate Richard's burial using InVideo AI.

他们能够使用 InVideo AI 重现理查的葬礼。

Just kidding. 語氣意圖

开玩笑的。

InVideo AI, today's sponsor,

InVideo AI，今天的赞助商，

is a tool that lets you turn your ideas into full-length videos,

是一款让你无论技能水平如何，都能将想法转化为完整长视频的工具。

no matter your skill level. 語法

无论你的技能水平如何。

Unlike most video tools,

不像大多数视频工具，

which only solve part of the video creation process,

它们只解决视频制作过程的一部分，

InVideo puts you in the director's seat 習語

InVideo 让你坐在导演的位置上，

and does all the heavy lifting. 習語

并为你包揽所有繁重的工作。

Just focus on your vision and type in the prompt.

只需专注于你的愿景并输入提示词。

InVideo will create the first draft of your video in just a few minutes.

InVideo 就能在短短几分钟内创建出你视频的初稿。

After that,

之后，

you can fine-tune the video using edit commands. 用詞

你可以使用编辑指令微调视频。

Its capabilities are endless,

它的功能是无穷无尽的，

and you can even get it to clone your voice 語法

你甚至可以让它克隆你的声音，

and do the narration for you.

并为你进行配音。

With InVideo as your creative partner,

有了 InVideo 作为你的创作伙伴，

the possibilities are truly endless.

可能性真的是无限的。

You can try InVideo AI for free using the link in the description.

你可以使用描述中的链接免费试用 InVideo AI。

This will save you hundreds of dollars

这将为你节省数百美元，

that you would otherwise spend on editing, animating, and other production costs. 語法

这笔钱你本来要花在剪辑、动画和其他制作成本上。

In order to find Richard III,

为了找到理查三世，

the search team had to go back through the history books

搜寻团队不得不翻阅历史书籍，

and figure out what really happened after he was buried. 短語動詞

并弄清楚他下葬后到底发生了什么。

They started looking into John Speed's story of Richard being buried under the bridge, 短語動詞

他们开始调查约翰·斯皮德关于理查被埋在桥下的故事，

and that's when they came across something really interesting. 講解

就在那时，他们发现了一件非常有趣的事情。

John had traveled to Leicester in 1611

约翰曾在1611年前往莱斯特

to look for Richard's grave and to make a detailed map of the city.

去寻找理查的坟墓并绘制该市的详细地图。

But when he got there,

但当他到达那里时，

all he found was an overgrown field 語法

他只发现了一片长满杂草的空地，

and no monument.

而且没有纪念碑。

The search team took a closer look at his map, 短語搭配

搜寻团队仔细研究了他的地图，

and they realized that the Greyfriars Church had been drawn in the wrong location,

他们意识到灰衣修士教堂的位置画错了，

and it had actually been drawn in the location of the Blackfriars Church.

它实际上被画在了黑衣修士教堂的位置上。

Speed had clearly gone to the wrong church,

斯皮德显然去错了教堂，

and that's why he didn't find a grave.

这就是他没有找到坟墓的原因。

If he had gone to the right place, 語法

如果他去了对的地方，

he would have come across the Mayor's mansion

他就会遇到市长的宅邸

with a monument marking where Richard lay.

以及标记理查安息地的纪念碑。

Since he hadn't found a grave,

由于他没有找到坟墓，

he invented the story of Richard being buried under the bridge.

他便编造了理查被埋在桥下的故事。

This was most likely inspired by the real story of a local priest

这很可能是受到当地一位神父的真实故事的启发，

who actually was dug up and thrown in the river years before. 短語動詞

多年前，这位神父确实被挖出来并扔进了河里。

All of this proved that Speed's story was actually false,

所有这些都证明了斯皮德的故事实际上是假的，

and the team could focus their efforts on looking for the Greyfriars Church. 短語搭配

团队可以将精力集中在寻找灰衣修士教堂上。

But any evidence of the church had long since been covered by buildings, 語法

但是教堂的任何痕迹早就被建筑物覆盖了，

and so finding it would be a huge challenge.

因此找到它将是一个巨大的挑战。

The earliest map that showed any detail was from 1741,

显示了细节的最早的地图来自1741年，

and it showed the Greyfriars area,

它显示了灰衣修士教堂所在的区域，

which at that point contained the Mayor's mansion

那时那里坐落着市长的宅邸

and the surrounding gardens.

和周围的花园。

The monument that once marked Richard's grave would have stood somewhere in this area. 語法

曾经标记理查坟墓的纪念碑就应该在这个区域的某个地方。

By overlaying more modern maps, 語法

通过叠加更现代的地图，

it showed that a road was eventually built through the area,

结果显示后来有一条路穿过了该区域，

and today's buildings had been built on top of the gardens.

而今天的建筑就建在花园的上面。

By the 21st century,

到了21世纪，

the Greyfriars area had been almost completely covered by buildings,

灰衣修士教堂区域几乎完全被建筑物覆盖，

and the remaining bits of land had been turned into parking lots.

剩余的土地变成了停车场。

In 2005, Philippa Langley,

2005年，菲莉帕·兰利，

who was leading the research,

这位负责领导研究的人，

came to one of these parking lots to investigate.

来到了其中一个停车场进行调查。

When she was there,

当她在那里时，

she had a strong feeling that she was in the right place. 短語搭配

她有一种强烈的感觉，觉得自己来对地方了。

And then, as if by magic, 習語

然后，仿佛变魔术一般，

a sign revealed itself.

一个标志显现了出来。

Although this R was obviously just a reserved parking spot, 文化背景

尽管这个R显然只是代表预留停车位，

she felt like this was the place to start digging. 語法

但她觉得这就是开始挖掘的地方。

And so, several years later,

于是，几年后，

a team of archaeologists led by Philippa 語法

由菲莉帕带领的一队考古学家

finally got permission to dig. 短語搭配

终于获得了挖掘许可。

But they only had enough money to dig up a fraction of the parking lot, 短語搭配

但他们筹集的资金只够挖掘停车场的一小部分，

and so they had to be very efficient.

所以他们必须非常高效。

Churches were typically positioned from east to west,

教堂通常是东西朝向布置的，

and so they planned to dig three trenches that would hopefully overlap with part of the church.

因此他们计划挖掘三条战壕，希望能与教堂的一部分重叠。

On the 25th of August,

在8月25日，

exactly 527 years since Richard was buried,

距离理查下葬整整527年的那一天，

the team started digging the first trench.

团队开始挖掘第一条壕沟。

The whole project was expected to take around 2 weeks,

整个项目预计需要大约两周时间，

and the chances of actually finding a grave seemed almost impossible. 語法

而实际找到坟墓的机会似乎微乎其微。

But, amazingly,

但是，令人惊叹的是，

just 6 hours into the first day, 用詞

在第一天刚挖了6个小时的时候，

they came across a skeleton

他们就发现了一具骷髅

just a few meters away from the letter R.

距离字母R只有几米远。

It had major damage to the skull

它的头骨有严重的损伤，

and a uniquely curved spine.

并且脊柱弯曲得非常独特。

Richard was often referred to as a hunchback, 短語搭配

理查经常被称为驼背，

with one shoulder being higher than the other. 語法

他的一个肩膀比另一个肩膀高。

This curved spine and the damage to the skull was a big sign that they had just found Richard III.

这条弯曲的脊柱和头骨上的损伤是一个明确的信号，表明他们刚刚找到了理查三世。

But in order to really prove it was him,

但为了真正证明那就是他，

the team had to use every modern technique imaginable. 語法

团队必须使用所有能想到的现代技术。

One method was to take DNA from the skeleton

其中一种方法是从骷髅中提取DNA，

and see if it matched with a known descendant of Richard III.

看看它是否与已知的理查三世后代相匹配。

One of the best chances was to look for the mitochondrial DNA. 文化背景

可能性最高的方法之一是寻找线粒体DNA。

But this type of DNA only gets passed down by mothers. 短語動詞

但这种DNA只由母亲遗传。

And so, the team had to hope that there was an unbroken line of female generations

因此，团队必须希望有一条不间断的女性代际线

that led all the way to Richard III.

一直追溯到理查三世时代。

Amazingly, there was.

令人惊叹的是，真的有。

By looking instead at Richard III's sister,

通过转而研究理查三世的姐姐，

they were able to track down 16 generations of females

他们能够追查到16代女性后裔，

all the way to a woman called Joy Brown.

一直追溯到一个名叫乔伊·布朗的女人。

Sadly, she had passed away, 短語動詞

遗憾的是，她已经去世了，

but her son,

但她的儿子，

Michael Ibsen,

迈克尔·易卜生，

was still alive.

仍然在世。

The same DNA that Richard got from his mother

理查从他母亲那里遗传到的相同DNA

should also have been passed down to Michael Ibsen. 語法

也应该遗传给了迈克尔·易卜生。

But if just one of these points in the family tree was incorrect, 語法

但如果这个家谱中的哪怕一个节点不正确，

it would throw the whole thing off. 短語動詞

整个推论就会被推翻。

And so, to make it more certain,

因此，为了更加确定，

they traced down another line of females,

他们追查了另一条女性血脉，

which led to a woman called Wendy.

这条线索指向了一个名叫温蒂的女人。

By comparing her DNA with Michael's,

通过比较她和迈克尔的DNA，

they were able to confirm that they were both related to each other,

他们能够确认两人彼此有血缘关系，

and therefore, direct descendants of Richard III's mother.

从而确认他们都是理查三世母亲的直系后代。

Before they could get DNA results from Richard's skeleton,

在从理查的遗骸获得DNA结果之前，

they sent it off to do carbon dating tests, 講解

他们把它送去做碳年代测定测试，

which would determine the age of the skeleton.

以确定遗骸的年代。

Our bodies absorb carbon 14,

我们的身体会吸收碳14，

but when we die, the carbon 14 starts to decay at a known rate. 短語搭配

但当我们死亡时，碳14开始以已知速率衰变。

By calculating how much carbon 14 was left in the skeleton,

通过计算骨架中剩余了多少碳14，

the scientists could determine how long the body had been dead for. 語法

科学家可以确定这具身体已经死亡多久。

As it turns out, the results initially showed that the body was a few decades older than Richard's. 講解

结果显示，起初测试结果表明这具遗体比理查的年代要早几十年。

But what the results also showed was that whoever it was, 語法

但结果还表明，无论这个人是谁，

they had a protein-rich seafood diet,

他们的饮食中都富含高蛋白海鲜，

which would have only been possible for someone living a high-class life. 語法

这只有过着上流社会生活的人才有可能做到。

This was a crucial bit of information, 短語搭配

这是一条至关重要的信息，

because a diet like this would have altered how much carbon 14 was lost.

因为像这样的饮食会改变碳14的流失量。

Factoring this in, 短語動詞

考虑到这一点，

the new results showed that the skeleton was almost certainly from the time of Richard's death. 用詞

新的结果显示，这具骷髅几乎可以肯定来自理查去世的那个时期。

At the same time,

与此同时，

the results from the DNA test were in, 用詞

DNA测试的结果也出来了，

and they showed a clear match between Michael and the skeleton, 短語搭配

结果显示迈克尔和这具遗骨明显匹配，

proving that the search for Richard III was over. 表達脈絡

证明对理查三世的寻找已经结束。

And now, time for the Primal Space giveaway.

现在，到了 Primal Space 赠品活动的时间。

The winner of the previous giveaway is Landon.

上一次赠品活动的获胜者是兰登。

Congrats.

恭喜你。

In the next video,

在下一个视频中，

we'll be giving away this awesome Richard III framed print.

我们将赠送这幅精美的理查三世镶框版画。

All you need to do is sign up at the link below,

你只需要在下方的链接注册，

like the video,

给视频点赞，

and leave a comment saying what you thought about this amazing discovery.

并留言说出你对这个惊人发现的看法。

Thank you very much for watching,

非常感谢您的观看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我们下个视频再见。