美國懼怕華為，這有道理嗎？：英語精讀講義

Huawei is very dangerous.

華為非常危險。

Rarely does a country go to war with a private company. 文法

很少有國家會與一家私營公司開戰。

We have met the enemy and it is Huawei. 文化背景

我們遇到了敵人，它就是華為。

But America has done just that. 片語搭配

但美國正是這麼做的。

We're not going to do business with Huawei.

我們不會和華為做生意。

Uh Huawei represents a national security risk.

呃，華為代表著國家安全風險。

But is this really about Huawei or is it something bigger than that? 表達脈絡

但這到底真的是關於華為，還是有更深層的原因？

It's not can you trust Huawei, 表達脈絡

這不是你能不能信任華為的問題，

it's can you trust the Chinese government.

而是你能不能信任中國政府的問題。

And what is the threat?

那麼威脅到底是什麼？

This is exactly what China wants.

這正是中國想要的。

They want to divide Western alliances through bits and bytes, 表達脈絡

他們想透過位元和位元組來分裂西方聯盟，

not bullets and bombs.

而不是子彈和炸彈。

So what is this war really about?

那麼這場戰爭到底是為了什麼？

And why is Huawei in the middle of it?

為什麼華為會身處其中？

Founded in China in 1987, 文法

華為於1987年在中國成立，

Huawei is now the world's largest maker of telecoms equipment.

如今是全球最大的電信設備製造商。

With revenues exceeding 103 billion dollars. 文法

營收超過1030億美元。

When you think about Huawei,

當你想到華為時，

you might think about the handset.

你可能會想到手機。

That makes sense since it sold 200 million of them in 2018 alone.

這很正常，因為僅在2018年，它就售出了2億部手機。

But close to half of its revenue comes from selling network equipment.

但其近一半的營收來自銷售網路設備。

And it's this infrastructure side of the company 文法

正是該公司的這部分基礎設施業務

that worries governments much more than the sort of consumer handset side.

讓各國政府比對消費者手機業務更為擔憂。

With Ericsson and Nokia,

與愛立信（Ericsson）和諾基亞（Nokia）一起，

it's one of the three biggest manufacturers of this equipment.

它是此類設備的三大製造商之一。

In fact,

事實上，

since 2014,

自2014年以來，

it's outgrown all its competitors, 文法

它的成長速度超過了所有競爭對手，

reaching over 3 billion people.

覆蓋了超過30億人。

This is how networks function. 表達脈絡

這就是網路的運作方式。

Your phone sends a signal to a nearby tower using radio waves.

你的手機利用無線電波向附近的基地台發送訊號。

Voice and data are passed over an internal network run by your phone company,

語音和數據透過你的電信公司營運的內部網路傳遞，

which connects your handset to other phone users and the wider internet.

將你的手機與其他電話用戶和更廣泛的網際網路連接起來。

In other words, 表達脈絡

換句話說，

these antennas connect us all.

這些天線把我們所有人都連接在了一起。

But now,

但現在，

there's a new kind of network.

出現了一種新型網路。

The race to 5G is moving forward at full speed. 慣用語

通往5G的競賽正在全速推進。

From TV ads to presidential tweets, 文法

從電視廣告到總統的推文，

you've probably heard debates about the revolutionary 5G.

你可能已經聽過關於革命性5G的爭論。

Although 5G is massively overhyped, 文法

儘管5G被嚴重誇大了，

it is coming

但它確實正在到來，

and Huawei is a leading force in this innovation.

而華為是這項創新中的主導力量。

It will be a sort of big change,

這將是一次巨大的變革，

maybe not quite so enormous as people like to tell you. 文法

也許並不像人們告訴你的那麼龐大。

The other thing that people like to say that 5G will enable is this idea of

人們喜歡說的5G將實現的另一件事是這個概念——

the Internet of Things.

物聯網（Internet of Things）。

If you want things like self-driving cars that download detailed maps where they're about to be, 文法

如果你想要像自動駕駛汽車這樣能夠下載它們即將到達的地點的詳細地圖的東西，

you need 5G to do that.

你需要5G來實現這一點。

If you want Internet connected door locks or CCTV cameras,

如果你想要聯網的門鎖或閉路電視監視器，

maybe 5G is a way to connect those.

也許5G是連接它們的一種方式。

But though this computerised, smart future opens up new possibilities, 文法

但是，儘管這種電腦化的智慧未來開闢了新的可能性，

it comes with a health warning. 慣用語

它也伴隨著一種健康警告。

We're moving to a world where everything will be connected to the Internet,

我們正在走向一個萬物互聯的世界，

but we haven't thought enough about security.

但我們在安全方面考慮得還不夠。

That's the big fear about having a hostile power control your 5G network.

這就是讓敵對勢力控制你的5G網路的最大隱患。

Because if entire networks are vulnerable,

因為如果整個網路都很脆弱，

this opens the door to countries spying on one another. 慣用語

這就為國家間的互相監視打開了大門。

5G networks must be secure,

5G網路必須是安全的，

they must be strong.

它們必須是強大的。

They have to be guarded from the enemy.

它們必須嚴防敵人的破壞。

In a rare interview with The Economist, 片語搭配

在一次罕見的接受《經濟學人》（The Economist）採訪時，

Ren Zhengfei,

任正非，

Huawei's founder and CEO,

華為的創辦人兼執行長，

talked about the political storm surrounding his company. 慣用語

談到了圍繞他的公司的政治風暴。

As the argument rages over the security of Huawei's products, 片語搭配

隨著關於華為產品安全性的爭論愈演愈烈，

the effects can be seen in some unexpected places. 文法

其影響在一些意想不到的地方顯現出來。

The biggest issue, I think,

我認為最大的問題，

with all of this political turmoil surrounding the Huawei name is uncertainty. 用詞

就是圍繞華為這個名字的所有這些政治動盪帶來的不確定性。

Joe Franell runs Eastern Oregon Telecom,

Joe Franell 經營著 Eastern Oregon Telecom，

a small network serving the people of this rural area.

這是一家服務於這個農村地區人民的小型網路公司。

In rural remote areas,

在偏遠農村地區，

it's hard to connect with people.

與人取得聯繫很困難。

And so the Internet becomes this really important way to connect back with community. 片語搭配

因此，網際網路成為重新與社區連接的一個非常重要的方式。

Herb, how are you doing?

Herb，你最近怎麼樣？

How are you, Joe?

你好嗎，Joe？

The problem is that the network here relies on Huawei technology.

問題是，這裡的網路依賴於華為的技術。

You see,

你看，

you're using the Internet from Eastern Oregon Telecom to be able to run,

你正在使用 Eastern Oregon Telecom 的網際網路來運作、

monitor, control all of these pivot irrigation systems.

監控和控制所有這些中樞灌溉系統。

I have no idea how we'd do without it. 片語動詞

我不知道如果沒有它我們會怎麼辦。

The Huawei equipment was 30 to 40% less than everything else on the market 文法

華為的設備比市場上其他所有設備便宜30%到40%，

and it's more capable and more reliable.

而且它功能更強，更可靠。

This economic boom that's out here,

這裡出現的這種經濟繁榮，

all of this effective agriculture that's going on out here

這裡正在進行的所有這些高效農業，

would not be effective or even possible without Internet connectivity.

如果沒有網際網路連接，就不會產生效果，甚至不可能實現。

It's a similar story around the world. 表達脈絡

世界各地都有類似的情況。

Mobile phone users in developing countries have benefited from Huawei's attractive deals.

開發中國家的手機用戶已經從華為極具吸引力的交易中獲益。

But how is Huawei undercutting its competitors? 用詞

但是，華為是如何以低價搶占競爭對手市場的呢？

Huawei can offer cheaper prices because they're heavily subsidised by the Chinese government.

華為能夠提供更便宜的價格，因為他們得到了中國政府的大量補貼。

These are allegations that are strenuously denied by Huawei. 片語搭配

華為極力否認這些指控。

Whether or how Huawei is connected to and subsidised by the Chinese government is unclear. 文法

華為是否與中國政府有關聯並接受其補貼，目前尚不清楚。

But what is clear is this.

但有一點是明確的。

China is the kind of country where

中國是這樣一個國家：

if the party says jump, 慣用語

如果黨說跳，

all you can say is well, how high.

你只能說，好的，跳多高。

Loyalty to the state is actually enshrined in China's intelligence law. 用詞

對國家的忠誠實際上已被寫入了中國的《情報法》。

Article 7, a 2017 addition,

第7條是2017年新增的內容，

states that any organisation or citizen shall support, assist, and co-operate with the state intelligence work. 用詞

規定任何組織或公民都應當支持、協助和配合國家情報工作。

Critics say this law means that when you buy Huawei equipment,

批評人士稱，這項法律意味著當你購買華為設備時，

you may be exposing yourself to surveillance by the Chinese intelligence services. 片語搭配

你可能正在將自己暴露在中國情報機構的監視之下。

And this makes governments very uncomfortable.

這讓各國政府感到非常不安。

Huawei is just a tool of the Chinese government.

華為只是中國政府的一個工具。

China is a difficult country for any company to be independent in.

對任何公司來說，在中國都很難保持獨立。

And when you look at that,

當你看到那個，

the new intelligence law,

新的《情報法》，

you've got to have some concerns. 語氣意圖

你難免會產生一些擔憂。

This has made a lot of people worried that Huawei,

這讓很多人擔心華為，

given its close relationship to the Communist Party, 文法

考慮到它與共產黨的密切關係，

and given the Communist Party's willingness to wield hard power,

以及考慮到共產黨運用硬實力的意願，

you could then end up in a situation where they can use that effectively as a weapon. 片語動詞

你可能會陷入這樣一種情況：他們可以有效地將其用作武器。

The fear is that Huawei will leave backdoor vulnerabilities in its networks

人們擔心華為會在其網路中留下後門漏洞，

that would provide China with an opportunity to spy on its competitors and enemies. 片語搭配

這將為中國提供一個監視其競爭對手和敵人的機會。

To counter this mistrust,

為了消除這種不信任，

Huawei has shared its code and allowed the likes of Britain's National Cyber Security Centre to scan it for back doors.

華為分享了其程式碼，並允許像英國國家網路安全中心這樣的機構掃描後門。

We do have researchers that have been going through it with a fine-tooth comb looking for exactly these. 慣用語

我們確實有研究人員對它進行了細緻入微的檢查，以尋找這些後門。

They've never found anything like that.

他們從未發現過類似的東西。

Even so, 表達脈絡

儘管如此，

the Trump administration remains suspicious.

川普政府依然持懷疑態度。

Huawei is something that's very dangerous.

華為是非常危險的東西。

President Trump's escalating trade war with China.

川普總統不斷升級與中國的貿易戰。

So if there's no solid security threat,

因此，如果沒有確鑿的安全威脅，

why is America making an enemy out of Huawei? 片語搭配

為什麼美國要把華為當作敵人呢？

We cannot allow any other country to outcompete the United States in this powerful industry of the future.

在這個強大的未來產業中，我們不能允許任何其他國家在競爭中超越美國。

At least part of this is motivated by a desire to slow China's rise

這至少部分是出於減緩中國崛起的願望，

and to keep a world in which America is the dominant power for as long as possible.

並盡可能長時間地維持一個由美國主導的世界。

It seems as though the concern over Huawei is not only about America's security, 表達脈絡

似乎對華為的擔憂不僅關乎美國的安全，

but also its insecurity.

還關乎其不安全感。

And it's causing collateral damage at home as well as abroad. 慣用語

這在國內外造成了附帶損害。

In May 2019,

2019年5月，

the Trump administration issued an executive order 文化背景

川普政府發布了一項行政命令，

which not only forbade American companies from supplying Huawei with components,

不僅禁止美國公司向華為供應零組件，

but restricted domestic networks from using its equipment.

還限制國內網路使用其設備。

It's a move that feels like an own goal to Americans like Joe Franell. 慣用語

對於像 Joe Franell 這樣的美國人來說，此舉感覺像是在進烏龍球。

Worst-case scenario is there's an all-out ban. 片語搭配

最壞的情況是全面禁令。

That means that three to six communities that are struggling,

這意味著那些正在苦苦掙扎的、

desperate for broadband connectivity,

迫切需要寬頻連接的、

missing out on economic development opportunities,

錯失經濟發展機會的、

having young people flee their community and never come back,

年輕人逃離社區再也沒有回來的三到六個社區，

it would be a huge hit.

將受到巨大打擊。

And there's another uncomfortable truth that America can't ignore. 片語搭配

而且還有一個美國無法忽視的令人不安的事實。

Smartphone technology relies on a truly global supply chain. 用詞

智慧型手機技術依賴於一條真正的全球供應鏈。

Take an average smartphone. 表達脈絡

以一部普通的智慧型手機為例。

Some contain components from more than 200 international suppliers.

有些包含來自200多家國際供應商的零組件。

Screens might be made by Samsung in South Korea.

螢幕可能是由韓國的三星（Samsung）製造的。

The camera lens engineered in Germany.

相機鏡頭在德國進行工程設計。

The chip could be designed by a California-based company

晶片可能是由一家總部位於加利福尼亞的公司設計的，

and manufactured in Taiwan.

並在台灣製造。

The battery could come from Japan and the audio chip from China.

電池可能來自日本，音訊晶片來自中國。

But increasingly,

但敵意和缺乏信任，

hostility and lack of trust threaten to fracture these supply chains. 慣用語

正日益威脅到這些供應鏈的斷裂。

This goes beyond Huawei. 片語動詞

這已經超越了華為本身。

We are entering a period of increased vulnerability

我們正在進入一個漏洞越來越多的時期，

when it comes to cybersecurity on the Internet. 片語搭配

當涉及到網際網路上的網路安全時。

America's concerns about Huawei are understandable,

美國對華為的擔憂是可以理解的，

but the risks can be managed by limiting the use of Huawei equipment to less sensitive parts of 5G networks. 文法

但風險是可以被控制的，只要將華為設備的使用限制在5G網路中不太敏感的部位。

That way, 表達脈絡

透過這種方式，

it is possible to benefit from the low cost of Huawei's equipment 文法

可以利用華為設備的低成本獲益，

while minimising security concerns.

同時將安全隱患降至最低。

You know,

你要知道，

when we start talking about withdrawing and only doing business with companies that are really close allies or companies that are in the United States,

當我們開始談論撤退，只與真正親密的盟友公司或美國國內的公司做生意時，

that damages the global economy and the way that we function as a world.

這會破壞全球經濟以及我們作為一個世界的運作方式。

Billions of people around the world have benefited from increased connectivity made possible by global standards and global supply chains. 片語搭配

全世界數十億人受益於全球標準和全球供應鏈帶來的更高互聯性。

But if political mistrust divides the telecoms industry into rival camps,

但如果政治不信任將電信產業分裂為對立的陣營，

everybody stands to lose. 片語搭配

每個人都將蒙受損失。

If you want to learn more about Huawei,

如果你想了解更多關於華為的資訊，

you can click on the link opposite where you'll find further Economist coverage and some research,

你可以點擊對面的連結，在那裡你會找到《經濟學人》的進一步報導以及一些研究、

data, and studies used to make this film.

數據和用來製作這部影片的研究報告。

Thanks for watching.

感謝觀看。

If you want to see more films like this,

如果你想觀看更多這樣的影片，

then hit the subscribe button in the link below.

請點擊下面連結中的訂閱按鈕。