被觀察時會發生改變的詭異實驗：英語精讀講義

The double-slit experiment defies our understanding. 片語搭配

雙縫實驗顛覆了我們的認知。

It involves a laser shooting beams of light particles called photons at a screen with two parallel slits.

該實驗需要用雷射向一個帶有兩條平行狹縫的螢幕發射被稱為「光子」的光粒子束。

If we mark all the spots where the photons hit the second wall,

如果我們把光子擊中第二面牆的所有落點都標記出來，

we should expect to see two strips to correspond with the two slits. 片語搭配

我們理應會看到與兩條狹縫相對應的兩條光帶。

But that's not what we see. 表達脈絡

但我們看到的卻並非如此。

Instead, we see an alternating pattern of light and dark bands.

相反，我們看到的是明暗相間的交錯圖案。

This is characteristic of the behavior of waves that pass through both slits simultaneously, 片語搭配

這種現象屬於波同時穿過兩條狹縫時的典型行為特徵，

interfering with each other to create the pattern on the second screen. 用詞

它們相互干涉，在第二塊螢幕上形成了這種圖案。

The bright lines are where the top of waves meet,

明亮的線條是波峰相遇的地方，

resulting in a more intense or brighter area on the screen. 文法

導致螢幕上出現強度更高、更亮的區域。

The darker bands are where the top of one wave meets the bottom of another,

較暗的條紋是一個波的波峰與另一個波的波谷相遇的地方，

so they cancel each other out, 片語動詞

它們相互抵消，

resulting in a less intense or darker area on the screen.

導致螢幕上出現強度較低、較暗的區域。

Here is a photo of a real interference pattern.

這是一張真實干涉圖案的照片。

The original double-slit experiment was conducted in 1801 by British polymath Thomas Young.

最初的雙縫實驗是由英國博學家托馬斯·楊在1801年進行的。

Since then, it's been performed with various types of particles, 表達脈絡

從那時起，人們用各種類型的粒子進行了實驗，

including electrons,

包括電子，

and they were found to behave in the same way. 文法

並發現它們的行為方式是相同的。

This phenomenon occurs even if the photons are fired one at a time, 片語搭配

即使每次只發射一個光子，這種現象依然會發生，

which suggests that the photon is interfering with itself as if it passes through both slits at once. 文法

這表明光子似乎在自我干涉，就好像它同時穿過了兩條狹縫一樣。

Physicists were so stumped that they decided to observe which slit the particle went through. 文法

物理學家們對此百思不得其解，於是決定觀測粒子到底穿過了哪條狹縫。

And that's when things get really weird. 表達脈絡

而這正是事情變得極其詭異的時刻。

When scientists used a measuring device to observe the slit that each photon passed through,

當科學家運用測量儀器觀察每個光子穿過的狹縫時，

the interference pattern disappeared,

干涉圖案消失了，

and the photons started behaving like particles.

光子開始像粒子一樣表現。

Instead of the spectrum of light and dark bands, 片語搭配

我們看到的不再是明暗相間的帶狀光譜，

we see two bright bands,

而是兩條明亮的光帶，

indicating that the photons chose one slit or the other.

這表明光子只選擇了一條狹縫通過。

So light can display characteristics of both particles and waves,

因此，光可以同時表現出粒子和波的特性，

known as wave-particle duality. 用詞

這被稱為「波粒二象性」。

It appears that light decides to behave as a wave when it's not being watched

似乎光在未被觀察時會決定以波的形式表現，

and acts like a particle when it is being measured.

而在被測量時則表現得像粒子。

The mere act of observing which slit it went through changed the behavior of the photons, 片語搭配

僅僅是觀察光子穿過哪條狹縫的行為，就改變了光子的表現，

almost as if they were aware they were being watched.

彷彿它們能察覺到自己正在被注視。

It's kind of like how in a video game, 表達脈絡

這有點像在電子遊戲中，

the environment and objects only load when the player focuses on or interacts with them.

只有當玩家關注或與環境及物體互動時，它們才會被載入。

The entire world isn't rendered all at once, 片語搭配

整個世界並不是一次性渲染完畢的，

allowing the game to save processing power and optimize resources.

這樣可以讓遊戲節省處理能力並最佳化資源。

Likewise, light seems to behave like waves,

同樣地，光似乎也表現得像波一樣，

but when we observe it,

但是當我們觀察它時，

it's as if we're loading its properties,

就好像我們在載入它的屬性，

causing it to change and act like particles.

導致它發生改變並表現得像粒子。

Physicist Richard Feynman famously said,

物理學家理查德·費曼曾有一句名言：

"The double-slit experiment is absolutely impossible to explain in any classical way,

「雙縫實驗絕對無法用任何古典物理學來解釋，

and has in it the heart of quantum mechanics." 慣用語

它包含了量子力學的核心。」

In reality, it contains the only mystery.

事實上，它包含了唯一的謎團。

The most widely accepted theory to explain this phenomenon comes from physicist Niels Bohr,

解釋這一現象的最廣為接受的理論來自物理學家尼爾斯·波耳，

who proposed that particles like photons don't have definite properties until they're observed. 文法

他提出，像光子這樣的粒子在被觀察之前並沒有確定的屬性。

So in the case of light,

所以在光的情況下，

photons exist in a wave-like form representing a range of possible positions until they are observed. 片語搭配

光子以波狀形式存在，代表了所有可能位置的範圍，直到它們被觀察為止。

When we measure or observe the particle,

當我們測量或觀察該粒子時，

we force it to choose a definite state, 文法

我們迫使它選擇一個確定的狀態，

behaving like particles.

從而表現得像粒子。

This is called the Copenhagen interpretation, 文化背景

這被稱為哥本哈根詮釋，

named in honor of Bohr's home city.

以波耳的家鄉命名。

However, to this day, 片語搭配

然而，直到今天，

no one knows why observing a particle causes its behavior to change.

沒人知道為什麼觀察一個粒子會導致其行為發生改變。

Not everyone was a fan of Bohr's theory. 文法

並非所有人都支持波耳的理論。

Einstein disagreed that particles could be in multiple states at once until observed.

愛因斯坦不同意粒子在被觀察之前能同時處於多種狀態的觀點。

He was uncomfortable with the inherent randomness of such an interpretation

他對這種詮釋所固有的隨機性感到不安，

and famously said,

並說出了一句名言：

"God does not play dice with the universe." 慣用語

「上帝不會和宇宙擲骰子。」

Einstein believed that the universe followed a consistent set of rules,

愛因斯坦相信宇宙遵循著一套始終如一的法則，

like how his general relativity theory predicted the motion of planets around the sun.

就像他的廣義相對論預測了行星圍繞太陽的運動一樣。

He spent his later years trying to develop a unified theory that explained everything in the universe, 文法

他在晚年致力於提出一個能解釋宇宙中一切事物的統一理論，

but he didn't succeed.

但他沒有成功。

Physicists recently conducted a variation on the double-slit experiment.

最近，物理學家對雙縫實驗進行了一次變體測試。

In April 2023,

2023年4月，

researchers at Imperial College London swapped out the screen with two slits 片語動詞

倫敦帝國學院的研究人員將帶有兩條狹縫的螢幕

for a transparent material used in smartphone screens called ITO.

換成了智慧型手機螢幕中使用的透明材料，稱為ITO。

They first fired a laser beam at the material.

他們首先向該材料發射了一束雷射。

When a second laser was directed at the material and pulsed super quickly in quadrillionths of a second, 用詞

當第二束雷射指向該材料，並在千萬億分之一秒內極速脈衝時，

it caused the material to become temporarily reflective.

導致該材料暫時具有反射性。

The interaction of laser two with the material changed the frequency, and therefore the color, 文法

第二束雷射與該材料的交互作用改變了頻率，也就是改變了

of the light from laser one that was reflected off the material.

從材料上反射出來的第一束雷射的光的顏色。

This experiment shows that by manipulating time, 文法

這個實驗表明，透過操縱時間

rather than space,

而不是空間，

they were able to create interference patterns

他們能夠創造出干涉圖案，

similar to the interference observed in the original double-slit experiment.

與在最初的雙縫實驗中觀察到的干涉類似。

There are certain things in life we take for granted. 慣用語

生活中有些事情我們認為是理所當然的。

If you don't get enough sleep, 文法

如果你睡眠不足，

you'll feel tired and groggy.

你就會感到疲勞和昏昏沉沉。

If you drive recklessly,

如果你魯莽駕駛，

you're more likely to get into an accident. 文法

你就更容易發生車禍。

But sometimes there are principles that govern our lives that we just can't explain. 用詞

但有時候，主導我們生活的一些法則我們就是無法解釋。

The perplexing result of the double-slit experiment is up for interpretation, 慣用語

雙縫實驗令人費解的結果還有待詮釋，

with some suggestions that this is evidence our world could be programmed.

有人提出，這正是我們的世界可能是被程式設計出來的證據。

So far, not even the best scientific minds can explain the bizarre behavior of particles,

到目前為止，即使是最頂尖的科學家也無法解釋粒子的這種奇異行為，

at least not yet. 語氣意圖

至少目前還不能。

There are many puzzles that are perplexing.

有許多難題令人費解。

For example,

舉個例子，

can you tell what's wrong with the gears Leonardo da Vinci wanted to use in his military tank design from the 15th century?

你能看出李奧納多·達文西在15世紀設計的軍用戰車中，他想使用的齒輪有什麼問題嗎？

This is one of the thousands of problems you'll find on Brilliant,

這只是你在 Brilliant 上能找到的數千個問題之一，

a website and app where you can learn STEM interactively.

Brilliant 是一個可以透過互動學習 STEM 知識的網站和應用程式。

My viewers especially love Brilliant's lessons in computer science, data science, and math.

我的觀眾特別喜歡 Brilliant 的計算機科學、資料科學和數學課程。

Da Vinci's tank design had a flaw in its gear mechanism,

達文西的戰車設計在其齒輪機構上存在缺陷，

causing the front and back wheels to rotate in opposite directions,

導致前後輪會向相反的方向轉動，

so the tank will never be able to move at all. 文法

所以這輛戰車根本無法移動。

This was possibly an oversight or an intentional mistake 用詞

這可能是一個疏忽，也可能是個故意的錯誤，

to protect his design from being built without his support. 文法

旨在防止別人在沒有他支持的情況下把他的設計建造出來。

For more puzzling questions like these,

如果你想探索更多類似燒腦的問題，

you can check out Brilliant for free for 30 days by heading to the custom link in my description.

可以透過我簡介裡的專屬連結前往 Brilliant 免費體驗30天。

brilliant.org/newsthink.

brilliant.org/newsthink。

And the first 200 people who sign up with my link

前200名使用我的連結註冊的用戶

will get 20% off their premium subscription,

將享受高級訂閱的八折優惠，

which gives you access to all the offerings.

讓你能夠訪問所有課程內容。

Thanks for watching.

感謝觀看。

I'm Cindy Pom.

我是 Cindy Pom。