媽媽 vs 爸爸：你遺傳了誰的基因？：英語精讀講義

This episode is supported by 23andMe.

本集由 23andMe 贊助。

It's easy to feel like you're an even mix of your parents, 文法

你很容易覺得，自己身上的特徵一半來自媽媽、一半來自爸爸，

but that's not always the case. 片語搭配

但事實並不總是如此。

So, who should you be blaming over those traits you don't like?

那麼，那些你不喜歡的特徵到底該怪誰呢？

What did you inherit from mom, 片語搭配

哪些是從媽媽那裡遺傳來的，

and what came from dad?

哪些又來自爸爸？

Colorblind?

色盲？

If you're a male,

如果你是男性，

you can thank your mother. 語氣意圖

那你可得謝謝媽媽了。

Red-green colorblindness is an X-linked disorder 用詞

紅綠色盲是一種 X 染色體聯鎖遺傳疾病，

that affects nearly 6% of the male population worldwide,

影響全球近 6% 的男性，

but only 0.4% of females.

但女性中只有 0.4% 會受到影響。

This is because males only inherit one X chromosome, 表達脈絡

這是因為男性只會遺傳到一條 X 染色體，

which is from their mother,

而它來自母親，

and that's where red-green colorblindness comes from.

紅綠色盲也正是由此而來。

If you're a female,

如果你是女性，

you have to get the X-variant from both parents,

就必須從父母雙方都遺傳到這種 X 染色體變異，

so that 0.4% can blame dad as well.

所以那 0.4% 的女性也可以怪爸爸。

Balding?

禿頭？

A big component comes from the X-chromosome here too,

其中很大一部分也與 X 染色體有關，

so you likely inherited this from your mom.

所以這很可能也是從媽媽那裡遺傳來的。

However,

不過，

a study involving 52,000 people found 表達脈絡

一項涉及 5.2 萬人的研究發現，

that genes on other chromosomes can affect this condition

其他染色體上的基因也會影響這種情況，

on top of environmental factors such as age, 片語搭配

此外，年齡、

stress, and diet.

壓力和飲食等環境因素也會產生影響。

So, mom isn't entirely to blame. 語氣意圖

所以，不能把責任全推給媽媽。

Research has also found that the shape of the end of your nose,

研究還發現，鼻尖的形狀、

the area above and below the lips,

嘴唇上方和下方的區域、

cheekbones,

顴骨，

and the inner corner of the eye

以及內眼角

are highly influenced by genetics.

都深受遺傳因素影響。

And interestingly,

有趣的是，

the more they resemble your father as a child, 文法

你小時候長得越像爸爸，

the healthier you're likely to be.

你的健康狀況往往就越好。

Why?

為什麼？

Scientists believe that a father-child resemblance

科學家認為，父親和孩子長得相像

causes fathers to spend more time engaging in positive parenting, 文法

會讓父親花更多時間積極參與育兒，

which ultimately contributes to healthier kids. 片語搭配

最終讓孩子更健康。

Now, even though you get half of your 46 chromosomes from mom 文法

雖然你的 46 條染色體中有一半來自媽媽，

and the other half from dad,

另一半來自爸爸，

a study involving genetically diverse mice found

但一項針對遺傳背景各異的小鼠所做的研究發現，

that for 60% of genes,

在 60% 的基因中，

the paternal copy was more active than the maternal copy. 用詞

來自父親的基因副本比來自母親的更活躍。

This phenomenon is known as allelic imbalance. 講解

這種現象稱為等位基因失衡。

The same study also noted that the brains of these particular mice

同一項研究還指出，這些小鼠的大腦

more closely resembled that of their dad than their mom. 文法

更像牠們父親的大腦，而不是母親的。

However, in humans,

然而在人類身上，

we actually see the opposite.

情況其實正好相反。

Our brains are more similar to our mother,

我們的大腦與母親的大腦更為相似，

which is particularly true for daughters. 片語搭配

女兒尤其如此。

Interestingly,

有趣的是，

the similar brain regions are actually associated with depressive conditions, 片語搭配

這些相似的腦區其實與憂鬱症有關，

suggesting that mood disorders may pass from mother to daughter. 表達脈絡

這表示情緒障礙可能會由母親傳給女兒。

Biologists used to believe that all DNA came from the nucleus, 文法

生物學家過去認為，所有 DNA 都來自細胞核，

but now we know that the mitochondria,

但現在我們知道，粒線體——

aka the powerhouse of the cell, 用詞

也就是所謂的「細胞能量工廠」——

also kicks in some protein-coding genes. 片語動詞

也會貢獻一些編碼蛋白質的基因。

And this mitochondrial DNA is specifically inherited from your mom

而粒線體 DNA 只會從媽媽那裡遺傳而來，

because your dad's degraded immediately after fertilization.

因為來自爸爸的粒線體 DNA 會在受精後立即分解。

Considering how important mitochondrial DNA is in the cell, 文法

考慮到粒線體 DNA 在細胞中如此重要，

there's a stronger maternal link.

我們與母親之間的遺傳連結也就更強。

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been associated with type 2 diabetes

粒線體 DNA 的突變與第二型糖尿病

and Parkinson's disease,

以及巴金森氏症有關，

which more likely came from your mom.

而這些突變更可能來自媽媽。

Maternal inheritance gave rise to the idea of a mitochondrial Eve, 講解

母系遺傳也催生了「粒線體夏娃」這個概念，

a woman who lived between 180,000 to 580,000 years ago

她是一位生活在 18 萬至 58 萬年前的女性，

from which all human mitochondrial DNA is rooted.

全人類的粒線體 DNA 都可以追溯到她。

At the end of the day, 慣用語

總的來說，

it may seem like a lot of traits actually come from your mom, 語氣意圖

很多特徵似乎確實來自媽媽，

or at least from the X-chromosome, 表達脈絡

或者至少來自 X 染色體，

and that's generally true genetically.

從遺傳學角度來看，通常確實如此。

The Y-chromosome is very small and doesn't contain as many genes, 文法

Y 染色體很小，包含的基因也沒那麼多，

and both females and males contain X-chromosomes,

而無論女性或男性都有 X 染色體，

which carry more genes.

X 染色體攜帶的基因更多。

But as we continue to research more about ourselves at the genetic level, 片語搭配

但隨著我們繼續從基因層面深入研究自己，

the division between what you got from your mom and what you got from your dad 文法

哪些來自媽媽、哪些來自爸爸的界線

may become even more pronounced. 用詞

也許會變得更加清楚。

If you want to know more about your own genetics,

如果你想進一步了解自己的遺傳資訊，

head to 23andMe.com/asap, 片語搭配

請前往 23andMe.com/asap，

who sponsored this episode.

23andMe 正是本集的贊助商。

Whether you want to know about your chances of balding, 文法

無論你是想知道自己禿頭的機率，

of getting back hair,

背部長毛的機率，

how your taste senses work,

味覺如何運作，

or who your ancestors are,

還是你的祖先是誰，

23andMe's kits will get you there. 慣用語

23andMe 的檢測套組都能幫你找到答案。

We both took the test,

我們兩個都做了這項檢測，

and I found out the great news 片語動詞

而我得知了一個「大好消息」，

that I have a higher likelihood of having a little upper back hair, 片語搭配

那就是我的上背部比較容易長出一點毛，

which to this point I thought was not true 片語搭配

在這之前，我一直以為這不是真的，

until Greg recently told me that it is happening.

直到 Greg 最近告訴我，那裡真的開始長了。

He's almost 30

他都快 30 歲了，

and it's sprouted. 用詞

背毛也長出來了。

So,

所以，

23andMe was on that. 慣用語

這點真被 23andMe 說中了。

They knew.

他們早就知道了。

What I thought was really interesting 文法

我覺得真正有趣的是，

is you can learn how certain factors affect your weight.

你還能了解某些因素會如何影響自己的體重。

Like for me,

以我來說，

I'm more likely to be affected by fast food, 文法

速食更容易影響我的體重，

which is a challenge I've taken on. 片語動詞

而我已經決定迎接這項挑戰。

I'm going to try and curb that habit, 講解

我打算努力改掉這個習慣，

but I love fast food,

雖然我很愛吃速食，

but I'm trying to eat less.

但我正盡量少吃。

Be sure to head to 23andMe.com/asap

一定要前往 23andMe.com/asap，

to get the latest promotion on your kit.

取得檢測套組的最新優惠。

And as always,

一如往常，

thank you for watching.

謝謝收看。

Make sure you subscribe,

記得訂閱，

and we will see you next Thursday for a new video.

我們下週四的新影片再見。

Peace.

掰掰！