運輸詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡：他們是如何移動世界上最珍貴物體的：英語精讀講義

This video is supported by Brilliant.

這支影片由 Brilliant 贊助播出。

On Christmas Day 2021,

在2021年的聖誕節，

the James Webb telescope finally launched

詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡終於發射升空，

on its long journey to explore our universe.

踏上探索宇宙的漫長旅程。

After years of delays and billions of dollars spent,

經過多年的延期並耗資數十億美元，

the telescope was now on its way to Lagrange point 2, 講解

這台望遠鏡正前往拉格朗日L2點的途中，

an area in space 1.5 million km away from Earth.

這是一個距離地球150萬公里的太空區域。

The telescope took 30 days to get there.

望遠鏡花了30天時間才抵達那裡。

But before James Webb ever left the ground,

但在詹姆斯·韋伯離開地面之前，

it went through a journey that was perhaps even more extraordinary. 片語動詞

它經歷了一段或許更為非凡的旅程。

The story of James Webb is pretty crazy.

詹姆斯·韋伯的故事非常瘋狂。

In fact,

事實上，

it's almost a miracle

這台望遠鏡能成功進入太空

that the telescope ever made it into space at all. 文法

簡直就是一個奇蹟。

Development of the telescope began

望遠鏡的研發始於

all the way back in 1996, 片語搭配

遙遠的1996年，

and the launch was expected to take place in 2007. 片語動詞

最初預計在2007年發射。

Between then and its eventual launch in 2021,

從那時起到2021年最終發射期間，

the telescope went through a major redesign in 2005,

望遠鏡在2005年經歷了一次重大重新設計，

suffered a ripped sunshield,

遭遇過遮陽板撕裂，

almost got cancelled by the US Congress,

差點被美國國會取消，

and even survived the COVID pandemic.

甚至挺過了新冠疫情。

All of this meant that the budget went from $500 million to $10 billion 文法

這一切意味著它的預算從5億美元飆升到了100億美元

by the time it was complete. 文法

直到其建造完成。

Because of this,

正因為如此，

NASA now had the world's most precious and valuable object in its hands, 慣用語

NASA現在手中掌握著世界上最珍貴、最有價值的物品，

and it had to be sent 9,000 km around the world to the launch site.

並且需要將它運送9000公里到世界另一端的發射場。

But before NASA even considered how it would traverse this complicated route,

但在NASA考慮如何走完這條複雜路線之前，

it had to find a way to package this rather valuable object. 片語搭配

他們必須想辦法把這個相當貴重的物品打包好。

Cardboard box technology had improved greatly over the last decade,

雖然紙箱技術在過去十年裡有了極大的改進，

but Webb needed something a little stronger. 表達脈絡

但韋伯望遠鏡需要更堅固的東西。

And so,

因此，

NASA built a custom shipping container called Stars,

NASA量身打造了一個名為 Stars 的運輸容器，

which would protect the telescope during its journey

旨在在旅途中保護望遠鏡，

and act as a mobile clean room. 講解

並作為一個行動無塵室。

The instruments on Webb are so sensitive that even a speck of dust or a fingerprint 文法

韋伯上的儀器極為敏感，哪怕是一粒灰塵或一個指紋

could cause serious damage to them.

都可能對它們造成嚴重的損壞。

This container was so clean that no more than 100 particles, 文法

這個容器非常乾淨，不超過100顆微粒，

much smaller than the width of a human hair,

遠小於人類頭髮的寬度，

could be present inside the container.

被允許存在於容器內。

Each nut and bolt on the container was inspected with ultraviolet light

容器上的每個螺帽和螺栓都要用紫外線進行檢查，

to reveal any unwanted contaminants.

以發現任何多餘的汙染物。

Only once it was perfectly clean, 文法

只有在它完全乾淨之後，

could Webb be loaded into the container.

韋伯才能被裝進容器裡。

This process took nearly a month,

這個過程花了將近一個月的時間，

as the telescope had to be carefully folded into its launch configuration

因為望遠鏡必須像一件巨大的摺紙作品一樣，

like a giant piece of origami. 表達脈絡

小心地摺疊成發射時的形態。

But before James Webb was even assembled,

但在詹姆斯·韋伯甚至還沒組裝之前，

the telescope's mirror also had to go through a crazy journey.

望遠鏡的鏡面也不得不經歷一段瘋狂的旅程。

The 18 giant hexagonal segments that form Webb's mirror

構成韋伯鏡面的18塊巨大的六邊形鏡片

are made from a metal called beryllium.

是由一種叫做鈹的金屬製成的。

This metal was chosen to keep the overall mass of the mirror extremely low

選擇這種金屬是為了讓鏡面的整體質量保持在極低的水平，

while still retaining lots of strength. 文法

同時還能保持極高的強度。

Despite being about three times larger than Hubble's mirror, 文法

儘管韋伯的鏡面比哈伯的鏡面大三倍左右，

Webb's mirror only had a fraction of the mass.

但它的質量卻只有哈伯的一小部分。

But in order to construct these perfectly polished mirror segments,

但為了製造出這些完美拋光的鏡片，

they had to make 14 stops at 11 locations

它們必須在11個地點停留14次，

all across the US.

遍布全美。

The first journey started in the mountains of Utah,

第一次旅程始於猶他州的山區，

where the beryllium powder was mined

在那裡開採出鈹粉，

and shipped to Ohio,

然後運往俄亥俄州，

where it was purified and turned into individual mirror blanks. 片語動詞

在那裡提純並製成一個個鏡面毛坯。

Then the blanks were sent to Alabama,

接著，這些毛坯被送往阿拉巴馬州，

where each one was machined into a honeycomb structure

每塊都被加工成蜂巢結構

to reduce mass.

以減輕重量。

The next destination was California,

下一個目的地是加利福尼亞州，

where the mirrors were polished to the exact shape,

在那裡鏡面被拋光成精確的形狀，

perhaps the most crucial part of the process.

這可能是整個過程中最關鍵的一步。

After this,

在這之後，

the segments made several trips across the country

這些鏡片在全國各地進行了多次旅行，

undergoing years of testing

經歷了長達幾年的測試，

to check that they were polished correctly.

以確保它們被拋光得準確無誤。

On the ninth journey,

在第九次旅程中，

the mirror segments traveled to New Jersey,

鏡片被運到了紐澤西州，

where gold was evaporated over them inside of a vacuum chamber

在那裡的真空艙內，黃金被蒸發附著在它們表面，

to form a very thin coating.

形成一層極薄的塗層。

After some more testing,

經過更多的測試後，

the mirror segments ended up in Maryland, 片語動詞

這些鏡片最終到達了馬里蘭州，

where they were assembled together

在那裡它們被組裝在一起，

and attached to the main instrument module.

並安裝到主儀器模組上。

After years of even more testing,

又經過幾年的進一步測試，

the telescope arrived in Redondo Beach,

望遠鏡抵達了雷東多海灘，

where it was finally attached

在那裡它終於被安裝到了

to its enormous sunshield.

它那巨大的遮陽板上。

17 years after the first mirror segment had been produced,

第一塊鏡片生產出來的17年後，

James Webb was now ready to make its last journey on Earth.

詹姆斯·韋伯終於準備好踏上它在地球上的最後一次旅程。

The first leg of the trip involved getting from the Northrop Grumman facility 用詞

旅程的第一段是從諾斯洛普·格魯曼工廠出發

in Redondo Beach

位於雷東多海灘

to a port in Seal Beach,

前往海豹灘的一個港口，

where a ship would be waiting to take the telescope to French Guiana.

那裡有一艘船正等著把望遠鏡運往法屬圭亞那。

Although the first journey was just 41 km,

儘管第一次行程只有41公里，

the transport team only had one chance to make it happen. 片語搭配

但運輸團隊只有一次機會來確保萬無一失。

Before Webb hit the road, 慣用語

在韋伯上路之前，

they used satellite images to inspect every single part of the route

他們使用衛星影像檢查了路線的每一個部分，

to find all of the possible hazards

找出所有可能存在的危險，

that would get in their way. 慣用語

避免它們阻礙行程。

Every pothole had to be filled,

每一個坑洞都必須被填平，

and many traffic lights had to be lifted in order for the container to fit underneath. 文法

許多交通號誌必須被抬高，以便運輸容器能從下方通過。

To reduce the impact to the public and for the safety of Webb,

為了減少對公眾的影響以及出於對韋伯安全的考量，

the telescope traveled during the night.

望遠鏡在夜間運輸。

However, this meant that it just had a 6-hour window to make its 41-km journey. 用詞

然而，這意味著他們只有6個小時的窗口期來完成這41公里的旅程。

This sounds easy,

這聽起來很容易，

but since the container was so big and heavy,

但因為容器又大又重，

it could only travel at around 8 km/h.

它的行駛速度只能達到大約8公里/小時。

And so,

因此，

just in case any problems did occur, 片語搭配

為了以防萬一出現任何問題，

NASA had selected various safe havens along the way

NASA在沿途選擇了幾處安全的避難所，

where Webb could take shelter 片語搭配

韋伯可以在那裡避難

and receive maintenance.

並接受維護。

With Webb ready to go, 文法

一切準備就緒後，

it left the factory at midnight

韋伯在午夜時分離開了工廠，

along with a convoy of support vehicles

隨行的還有一支由保障車輛組成的護衛車隊，

and police escorts.

以及警察護送。

The crazy thing is that no roads were fully closed down,

瘋狂的是，沿途沒有任何道路被完全封閉，

and regular traffic had to be carefully escorted around the telescope as it moved down the highway.

當望遠鏡在公路上移動時，常規交通必須被小心翼翼地引導繞開它。

Several trucks carrying pressurized bottles of dry air followed Webb,

幾輛裝載著乾燥空氣增壓瓶的卡車緊緊跟隨著韋伯，

constantly keeping its container topped up with the cleanest air. 片語動詞

不斷地向容器內補充最純淨的空氣。

Eventually,

最終，

the telescope arrived at the port in the early hours of the morning.

望遠鏡在清晨時分抵達了港口。

Webb had successfully completed its first leg of the journey,

韋伯成功完成了它旅程的第一階段，

but this was only the beginning. 表達脈絡

但這僅僅是個開始。

Webb was then loaded onto a French cargo ship,

隨後，韋伯被裝上了一艘法國貨船，

a process that involved first driving the container onto a barge

這一過程首先需要將運輸容器開到一艘駁船上，

and rotating it to face

並將其旋轉至面對著

the cargo ship's loading ramp.

貨船的裝貨坡道。

The container had to be kept almost exactly level throughout the journey.

在整個旅程中，容器必須幾乎完全保持水平。

So to avoid any rough seas,

因此，為了避免遇到波濤洶湧的海面，

NASA worked with the crew of the ship and planned a route

NASA與船員合作規劃了一條航線，

that would take them through

將帶領他們穿過

the calmest parts of the ocean.

海洋中最平靜的海域。

This journey took 16 days in total,

這段旅程總共歷時16天，

passing through the Panama Canal

穿過巴拿馬運河，

and sailing up the Kourou River

順庫魯河而上，

to reach its destination at the Guiana Space Center.

最終到達位於圭亞那太空中心的目的地。

All in all, 表達脈絡

總而言之，

the James Webb telescope took about 13 years to build,

詹姆斯·韋伯望遠鏡大約花了13年時間建造，

from the very first pieces being put together in 2004 文法

從2004年拼裝第一批部件開始，

to having a finished telescope in 2017.

到2017年望遠鏡完工。

It wasn't just a NASA project. 表達脈絡

這不僅僅是一個NASA的專案。

Space partners from all over the world

來自世界各地的太空合作夥伴

contributed parts to the telescope

都為這台望遠鏡提供了部件，

even before it made its journey to the launchpad.

甚至在它踏上前往發射台的旅程之前也是如此。

And now that the telescope is finally where it needs to be, 文法

而現在，望遠鏡終於到達了它應該在的地方，

we can look forward to the incredible discoveries 片語動詞

我們可以期待它帶來的驚人發現，

it will make about our universe

關於我們宇宙的發現，

and the amazing pictures it will reveal.

以及它將展現的令人驚嘆的照片。

If you want to make your own incredible discoveries,

如果你想自己去探索不可思議的發現，

check out brilliant.org,

請造訪 brilliant.org，

an online learning platform that helps you learn everything STEM related

這是一個線上學習平台，協助您學習STEM相關的一切知識，

in an interactive way.

透過互動的方式。

Brilliant is the best way to learn stuff,

Brilliant 是學習知識的最佳途徑，

since it teaches you to think critically about problems

因為它教會你批判性地思考問題，

and truly understand them.

並真正理解它們。

You can learn at your own pace 片語搭配

您可以按照自己的節奏學習，

and at any time

且隨時隨地，

through the many interactive courses

透過眾多互動課程，

available on Brilliant.

在 Brilliant 上取得。

If you have any interest in things like space,

如果你對太空等事物有任何興趣，

science, math, and engineering,

科學、數學以及工程學，

then Brilliant has you covered. 慣用語

那麼 Brilliant 都能滿足你的需求。

Brilliant has a range of interactive courses designed to give you a deep understanding 文法

Brilliant 擁有一系列互動課程，旨在讓您深入理解

of how and why things work,

事物是如何運作以及為何運作的，

so you can apply them to everyday life.

這樣您就可以將它們應用到日常生活中。

To get started for free,

要免費開始學習，

visit brilliant.org/primalspace

請造訪 brilliant.org/primalspace，

or click the link in the description.

或者點擊說明裡的連結。

The first 200 of you will also get 20% off Brilliant's annual premium subscription.

前200名註冊的用戶還將獲得 Brilliant 年度高級訂閱的20%折扣。

If you'd like to support the channel even more, 語氣意圖

如果你想進一步支持本頻道，

consider becoming a patron,

考慮成為一名贊助者吧，

where you can give your input on each video

在那裡您可以對每支影片提供建議，

and get exclusive access to our Discord server.

並獲得我們 Discord 伺服器的專屬存取權限。

Thank you very much for watching,

非常感謝您的觀看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我們下期影片再見。