沒有這款德國產品，現代文明將會崩潰：英語精讀講義

Hardly anything runs in our society today without microchips. 文法

在當今社會，如果沒有微晶片，幾乎任何事物都無法運轉。

They are the heart of cell phones, computers, cars.

它們是手機、電腦和汽車的心臟。

A chip is made up of transistors, tiny switches, 片語動詞

晶片由電晶體組成，也就是微型開關，

10,000 times smaller than a human hair 文法

比人類的頭髮還要小一萬倍，

that control the flow of electrons through a circuit.

控制著電子在電路中的流動。

Billions of transistors are packed into an area smaller than a fingernail. 片語搭配

數以十億計的電晶體被擠在比指甲蓋還小的面積裡。

Microchips are one of humankind's most remarkable achievements.

微晶片是人類最傑出的成就之一。

And it wouldn't be possible to make the world's most sophisticated chips 文法

想要製造世界上最先進的晶片是不可能的，

without the German company Zeiss.

如果沒有德國蔡司（Zeiss）公司的話。

In a previous video,

在之前的一期影片中，

I talked about how the Dutch firm ASML

我談到了荷蘭公司艾司摩爾（ASML）

is the only company in the world

是世界上唯一一家

that builds the machines that create the circuitry

能夠製造這種機器的公司，用來創建

for the most advanced chips.

最先進晶片的電路。

These machines wouldn't be able to operate

這些機器將無法運作，

without Zeiss mirrors inside of them.

如果裡面沒有蔡司的反射鏡。

These are not your average mirrors. 慣用語

這些可不是普通的鏡子。

They are a complex optical system

它們是一個複雜的光學系統，

that miniaturizes the structure of a chip

能夠將晶片的結構微縮，

printed on a silicon wafer.

列印在矽晶圓上。

Light is projected through a blueprint

光線透過要列印的

of the pattern that will be printed.

圖案藍圖投射出來。

Zeiss optics focus the pattern onto the wafer,

蔡司的光學元件將圖案聚焦到晶圓上，

which has already been coated with a light-sensitive chemical. 文法

而晶圓表面已經塗有光敏化學物質。

It shrinks the pattern down 片語動詞

它將圖案縮小

to the nanometer level.

到奈米等級。

A nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.

1奈米是一米的十億分之一。

In the end, 表達脈絡

最終，

the wafer is cut into small pieces of microchips.

晶圓被切割成一小片一小片的微晶片。

While ASML's less advanced chip-making machines 表達脈絡

雖然ASML較舊型號的晶片製造機

use lenses to focus light,

使用透鏡來聚焦光線，

lenses won't work for its most advanced lithography machines 用詞

但透鏡對其最先進的微影設備是不起作用的，

because these machines use extreme ultraviolet light,

因為這些機器使用的是極紫外光，

which lenses would absorb.

而透鏡會吸收這種光。

EUV is a shorter wavelength of light 文法

極紫外光的光波長

than that used by conventional chip-making machines.

比傳統晶片製造機器使用的更短。

EUV light can help pack more transistors onto a chip,

極紫外光可以幫助在晶片上整合更多電晶體，

making the chip more powerful. 文法

從而讓晶片效能更強大。

Since Zeiss cannot use lenses for the most advanced machines,

既然蔡司不能在最先進的機器上使用透鏡，

it uses mirrors,

它就使用了反射鏡，

a series of ultra-reflective curved mirrors

一系列超高反射率的曲面鏡

guide the light in a vacuum chamber.

在真空室中引導光線。

The mirrors need to be extremely flat

這些反射鏡必須極其平整，

because even the smallest irregularity

因為即使是最微小的凹凸不平

leads to imaging errors. 片語搭配

也會導致成像誤差。

We're not talking about your typical level of smoothness. 表達脈絡

我們說的可不是一般的平滑度。

They are hyper smooth.

它們是超級平滑的。

If you were to enlarge the mirror to the size of Germany, 文法

如果你把這面鏡子放大到德國那麼大，

then the tallest mountain would be less than 1 mm high.

那麼上面最高的山峰也不到1公釐高。

Zeiss makes the flattest mirrors on Earth.

蔡司製造出了地球上最平整的鏡子。

They are held in a position as precisely as possible 文法

在曝光過程中，

during the exposure process.

它們被固定在盡可能精確的位置。

They are so stable that if a Zeiss mirror 文法

它們極其穩定，哪怕讓一面蔡司反射鏡

were to redirect a laser beam

去改變一束雷射光的方向

and aim it at the Moon,

並瞄準月球，

it would be able to hit a ping-pong ball

它也能精準擊中

on its surface.

月球表面的一個桌球。

ASML knows how crucial Zeiss is 文法

ASML深知蔡司

to its entire operation.

對其整個營運有多麼關鍵。

It's no wonder that in 2016, 片語搭配

難怪在2016年，

ASML bought a billion-euro stake 用詞

ASML斥資10億歐元

in a subsidiary of Zeiss,

入股了蔡司的一家子公司，

purchasing 25% of the shares

購入了25%的股份，

of Carl Zeiss SMT.

這家公司就是卡爾蔡司SMT。

Zeiss and ASML

蔡司和ASML

pretty much have no rivals. 語氣意圖

幾乎沒有競爭對手。

Every one of the most advanced chips on Earth

地球上每一顆最先進的晶片

has passed through their system. 片語動詞

都曾經過他們的系統。

They supply Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, 文化背景

他們為台灣積體電路製造公司（TSMC）供貨，

which produces over 90%

該公司生產了全球90%以上

of the world's most advanced chips.

的最先進晶片。

TSMC makes 5-nm chips

台積電製造5奈米晶片，

and is striving to make even smaller 3-nm ones. 片語搭配

並正致力於製造更小的3奈米晶片。

The strategic partnership between Zeiss and ASML

蔡司和ASML之間的戰略合作

means the barrier to entry 用詞

意味著潛在競爭對手的

for potential competitors is exceedingly high.

進入門檻極高。

Other manufacturers could try

其他製造商可以嘗試

to build their own EUV lithography machines.

製造自己的極紫外光微影設備。

However,

然而，

if China does want to build a machine 文法

如果中國確實想製造一台

that could rival Zeiss and ASML's,

能與蔡司和ASML相抗衡的機器，

analysts believe it would take at least 10 years 文法

分析人士認為至少需要10年時間

for them to do so.

才能做到。

Trouble is, 表達脈絡

問題是，

China cannot access the most advanced equipment

中國現在無法獲得

from Zeiss and ASML right now

蔡司和ASML最先進的設備，

because the Trump administration pressed ASML hard 片語搭配

因為川普政府曾向ASML施加巨大壓力，

to block sales of its most advanced

阻止其將最先進的

EUV lithography machines to China.

極紫外光微影設備出售給中國。

And the Biden administration has broadened chip restrictions 片語搭配

而拜登政府也擴大了

against Beijing, 文化背景

針對北京的晶片限制，

which I discussed in a previous video

我在之前的影片中討論過這一點，

that I'll link in my description.

連結我會放在資訊欄中。

Since Zeiss was founded by German entrepreneur Carl Zeiss 文法

自從德國企業家卡爾·蔡司

in the mid-1800s,

在19世紀中葉創立蔡司以來，

it has grown to secure the advantage

它已發展成為在世界舞台上

in optics on the world stage. 慣用語

佔據光學優勢的巨頭。

Yet,

然而，

it's not sitting comfortably. 慣用語

它並沒有高枕無憂。

Zeiss is already working on next-generation optics

蔡司已經在致力於下一代光學技術，

by increasing the numerical aperture. 用詞

透過增大數值孔徑來實現。

The numerical aperture is a measure 片語搭配

數值孔徑是一個衡量標準，

of how much light the optical system can collect and focus.

用於測量光學系統能收集和聚焦多少光。

The increase in the numerical aperture

數值孔徑的增大

will significantly improve the resolution.

將大幅提升解析度。

Improving the resolution will increase the number of transistors

解析度的提升將增加

that can be packed onto the chip,

晶片上可整合的電晶體數量，

making it even more powerful.

從而使其更加強大。

And as our future moves toward autonomous driving,

隨著我們的未來走向自動駕駛、

artificial intelligence,

人工智慧、

and 5G and beyond,

以及5G甚至更高級的技術，

you can bet there will be a demand 慣用語

你可以確定市場將會需求

for ever more powerful processors 文法

效能越來越強大的處理器，

and the machines that make them.

以及製造它們的機器。

Building the world's most powerful lenses and mirrors

建造世界上最強大的透鏡和反射鏡，

would not be possible without talented engineers.

如果沒有才華橫溢的工程師是不可能實現的。

If you'd like to improve your math,

如果你想提高你的數學、

science,

科學，

and computer science skills

以及電腦科學技能，

to help build the future,

以幫助建設未來，

or simply for your own personal pleasure,

或者僅僅是為了個人的樂趣，

Brilliant is a great way to brush up 片語動詞

Brilliant是複習鞏固

on your STEM skills.

你STEM技能的絕佳方式。

I know my viewers especially love

我知道我的觀眾特別喜歡

their scientific thinking course,

他們的科學思維課程，

where you can explore the center of mass interactively,

在那裡你可以互動式地探索質心，

or make a bridge as rigid as possible 文法

或是用盡可能少的樑

with as few beams as possible.

去建造一座盡可能堅固的橋。

Another course that my viewers enjoy

我的觀眾喜歡的另一門課程

is Computer Science Fundamentals,

是電腦科學基礎，

where you can build algorithms

你可以在這裡建構演算法

and navigate drones to their proper destination.

並引導無人機飛往正確的目的地。

I personally love their logic courses.

我個人很喜歡他們的邏輯課程。

In this exercise I'm working on,

在我正在做的這個練習中，

you have to put things in the correct order.

你必須把事物按正確的順序排列。

If you ever get stuck, 慣用語

如果你卡住了，

you can view the explanation for more.

你可以查看解釋以了解更多。

Brilliant is great whether you're a student 文法

無論你是學生

or you're a professional already in the workplace.

還是已經步入職場的專業人士，Brilliant都很棒。

And it's free for you to try out 片語動詞

並且你可以免費試用，

with my custom link in the description.

只需使用我資訊欄裡的專屬連結。

brilliant.org/newsthink.

brilliant.org/newsthink。

That's brilliant.org/newsthink.

就是brilliant.org/newsthink。

The first 200 people to sign up 片語動詞

前200名透過

with my custom link

我的專屬連結註冊的人，

will get 20% off Brilliant's annual premium subscription, 用詞

將獲得Brilliant年度高級訂閱服務20%的折扣，

which gives you access to all of their course offerings, 片語搭配

這能讓你存取他們提供的所有課程，

including their most advanced courses.

包括他們最前沿的課程。

Thanks for watching.

感謝觀看。

For NewsThink,

這裡是NewsThink，

I'm Cindy Pom.

我是Cindy Pom。