阿提米絲1號的瘋狂之旅：英語精讀講義

This is the Artemis 1 mission leaving Earth and heading for the Moon.

這是 Artemis 1 任務離開地球前往月球的畫面。

This spacecraft left Earth in the same way that all spacecraft leave.

它的離地方式與所有太空船一樣。

But watch what happens when it gets close to the Moon.

但看看當它靠近月球時會發生什麼。

The Orion capsule is sent on a crazy trajectory,

Orion 太空船進入了一條瘋狂的軌道，

leaping ahead of the Moon,

衝在月球前面，

falling behind,

落後於月球，

and then being thrown back to Earth.

然後又被甩回地球。

What's even crazier is that this journey took 26 days to complete. 表達脈絡

更瘋狂的是，這趟旅程花了整整 26 天才完成。

Compare this to the Apollo 8 journey, 表達脈絡

對比 Apollo 8 的旅程，

which only took 6 days to complete and followed a much simpler route.

它只花了 6 天時間，且路線簡單得多。

So why didn't Artemis just do this?

那麼為什麼 Artemis 不直接這麼做呢？

Getting to the Moon is no easy task. 片語搭配

登月絕非易事。

It takes an enormous amount of energy to get there.

到達月球需要消耗巨大的能量。

In fact,

事實上，

it takes more energy to land on the Moon than it does to land on Mars, 文法

登陸月球所需的能量甚至比登陸火星還要多，

despite the Moon being 500 times closer. 文法

儘管月球比火星近了 500 倍。

The goal with Artemis 1 was to send the Orion capsule around the Moon and test out all of its systems. 片語動詞

Artemis 1 的目標是將 Orion 太空船送入繞月軌道，並測試其所有系統。

The goal of the Apollo missions was to land humans on the Moon and return them to Earth.

而 Apollo 任務的目標是將人類送上月球並安全返回地球。

This requires a lot more energy,

這需要多得多的能量，

which makes the Saturn V rocket even more impressive.

這也使得 Saturn V 火箭更加令人驚嘆。

But the SLS is actually more powerful than the Saturn V.

但 SLS 實際上比 Saturn V 更強大。

So why did Artemis 1 need to take such a weird route to the Moon?

那麼為什麼 Artemis 1 需要走這樣一條奇怪的路線前往月球呢？

In this video,

在本期影片中，

we're going to look at the incredible physics behind getting Artemis 1 to its unusual orbit around the Moon.

我們將探討 Artemis 1 進入其不尋常繞月軌道背後不可思議的物理學原理。

We'll also be announcing the winner of the previous giveaway.

我們還將在影片中公布上期抽獎活動的獲勝者。

So make sure you stick around to the end of the video. 片語動詞

所以一定要看到影片最後。

When planning your route to the Moon,

在規劃登月路線時，

it all comes down to delta v, 慣用語

一切都取決於 delta v（速度增量），

which is basically how much the spacecraft has to change its velocity to complete its journey.

它基本上是指太空船在完成旅程時需要改變多少速度。

The delta v required for a specific route is the same for every rocket.

對每枚火箭來說，特定路線所需的 delta v 都是一樣的。

Two completely different rockets traveling on the same route will require the same amount of delta v.

兩枚完全不同的火箭走同一條路線，所需的 delta v 是一樣的。

But it's how much energy you have to put in to get that delta v that really matters. 文法

但真正重要的是，為了獲得這個 delta v 你需要投入多少能量。

This shows the delta v required for every stage of a typical Apollo mission to the Moon.

這裡展示了典型 Apollo 登月任務各個階段所需的 delta v。

The problem is any change in velocity requires fuel to be burned.

問題在於，任何速度的改變都需要燃燒燃料。

If your rocket is much heavier or its engines are less efficient,

如果你的火箭重得多或者引擎效率較低，

you will need to put in more energy to achieve the same delta v.

你就需要投入更多的能量來實現相同的 delta v。

Despite SLS being more powerful than the Saturn V,

儘管 SLS 比 Saturn V 更強大，

the delta v dramatically falls away when we compare the command modules. 片語動詞

但當我們比較指令艙時，delta v 卻大幅下降了。

Although Orion is lighter than Apollo,

雖然 Orion 比 Apollo 輕，

it has less than half of the delta v.

但它的 delta v 還不到其一半。

This is because Artemis 1 went with a much roomier command module at the expense of a smaller service module. 慣用語

這是因為 Artemis 1 選擇了一個更寬敞的指令艙，代價是服務艙變小了。

Apollo did the opposite and used a smaller command module with a much more capable service module with more thrust and propellant capacity.

Apollo 恰恰相反，它使用了較小的指令艙，搭配了性能更強、推力和燃料容量更大的服務艙。

This had a massive effect on delta v.

這對 delta v 產生了巨大影響。

But having such a small and lightweight command module meant that the life support systems could only support the crew for a total of 14 days.

但是，如此小巧輕便的指令艙意味著其生命維持系統只能支持太空人 14 天的時間。

Because of this,

正因為如此，

the Apollo missions had no choice but to take the quickest route to the Moon. 片語搭配

Apollo 任務別無選擇，只能走最快的路線前往月球。

This involved performing a long duration burn as soon as it arrived at the Moon to slow it down and place it into orbit. 用詞

這包括在到達月球時立即進行長時間點火以減速，從而將其送入軌道。

This took a lot of energy,

這消耗了大量能量，

but it meant that they could get into lunar orbit in just 3 days compared to 10 days for Artemis 1.

但也意味著他們只需 3 天就能進入月球軌道，而 Artemis 1 則需要 10 天。

Orion simply didn't have the delta v to do this,

Orion 根本沒有足夠的 delta v 來實現這一點，

and so NASA had to do an amazing bit of planning to get to the Moon.

因此 NASA 必須制定一套令人驚嘆的計畫才能到達月球。

This brings me to the Omaze sponsor of today's video, 表達脈絡

這引出了我們今天影片的贊助商 Omaze，

Omaze.

Omaze。

Omaze gives people the chance to dream big and win once-in-a-lifetime prizes, 用詞

Omaze 讓人們有機會懷揣大夢想，贏得一生一次的豐厚大獎，

all while helping non-profits to make our world a better place. 文法

同時也幫助非營利組織讓我們的世界變得更美好。

Right now,

現在，

Omaze is giving you the chance to win a custom Tesla Model S Apex.

Omaze 為您提供贏取客製版 Tesla Model S Apex 的機會。

This Model S Plaid Edition is top of the line and loaded with cutting-edge technology from a 396-mile driving range 慣用語

這款 Model S Plaid 版是頂級配置，搭載了前沿技術，包括 396 英里的續航里程，

to a 0-to-60 time in less than 2 seconds.

以及不到 2 秒的零百加速時間。

Sure, it may not be able to get you to space yet, 文法

當然，它可能還無法把你送上太空，

but it will certainly get you anywhere else you need to go in style. 慣用語

但它絕對能讓你極其拉風地去到任何想去的地方。

Enter for your chance to win at omaze.com/primalspace

前往 omaze.com/primalspace 參與抽獎，

and support the Petersen Automotive Museum in developing new exhibits,

並支持 Petersen 汽車博物館開發新展覽、

events,

活動

and education programs.

及教育計畫。

This experience closes on the 27th of January,

本次活動將於 1 月 27 日截止，

so enter today and help Omaze reach their goal of raising more than $1 billion in a single year.

所以今天就來參加吧，幫助 Omaze 實現一年內籌集超過 10 億美元的目標。

In order for Orion to get to the Moon and stay for long enough, 文法

為了讓 Orion 到達月球並停留足夠長的時間，

NASA aimed for a distant retrograde orbit, 文化背景

NASA 將目標鎖定在遠距離逆行軌道，

which had never been done around the Moon until this year.

直到今年，還從未在月球周圍實現過這種軌道。

This involves orbiting the Moon at a distance and moving in the opposite direction to the Moon's orbit around Earth.

這涉及到在較遠距離繞月飛行，且方向與月球繞地球的軌道方向相反。

In this orbit,

在這條軌道上，

the spacecraft spends an equal amount of time at Lagrange points 1 and 2, 文化背景

太空船在拉格朗日點 1 和 2 停留的時間相等，

which help to keep the orbit balanced.

這有助於保持軌道的平衡。

This means that the spacecraft doesn't need to waste fuel in order to maintain its orbit.

這意味著太空船不需要為了維持軌道而浪費燃料。

In order to get to this orbit,

為了進入這條軌道，

a spacecraft could aim to meet the Moon here

太空船可以在這裡與月球會合，

and perform a burn to slow itself down and complete the orbit.

然後點火減速，完成軌道切入。

This is called a direct insertion. 文化背景

這被稱為直接切入。

That's what she said. 文化背景

這就是那句有名的玩笑話。

And is essentially what the Apollo missions did.

這基本上也是 Apollo 任務的做法。

However,

然而，

to save as much fuel as possible, 文法

為了盡可能節省燃料，

Orion went a different way.

Orion 採用了另一種方法。

Instead of aiming at a point 70,000 km from the Moon,

它沒有瞄準距離月球 7 萬公里的某一點，

Orion aimed for this point just 100 km above the lunar surface.

而是瞄準了距離月球表面僅 100 公里的這一點。

From here,

從這裡，

Orion made use of a gravity assist to slow it down. 講解

Orion 利用重力輔助來進行減速。

Although most people think of gravity assists being used to accelerate an object, 表達脈絡

雖然大多數人認為重力輔助是用來讓物體加速的，

the exact opposite can be done by approaching the Moon from a different side.

但如果從不同側面靠近月球，就能達到完全相反的效果。

The Moon orbits the Earth counterclockwise.

月球以逆時針方向繞地球運行。

If Orion approached the Moon from this side,

如果 Orion 從這一側靠近月球，

not only would the Moon's gravity pull it in, 文法

月球引力不僅會將其拉入，

but since the Moon is also moving away incredibly fast,

而且由於月球本身也在以極快的速度移動，

it would pull the spacecraft along and slingshot it at an even greater velocity. 用詞

它會拉著太空船一起運動，以更快的速度將其彈射出去。

If you approach the Moon from the other side,

如果你從另一側靠近月球，

you end up traveling in the opposite direction to the Moon, 片語搭配

你的運動方向將與月球相反，

and so instead of increasing your speed,

所以這不僅不會增加你的速度，

it pulls against you and slows you down.

反而會拉扯你並讓你減速。

This is exactly what Orion did,

這正是 Orion 的做法，

but this alone isn't enough to get into lunar orbit.

但僅靠這一點還不足以進入月球軌道。

When Orion reached the point of closest approach, 用詞

當 Orion 達到近月點時，

it fired up its engine to slow itself down even more. 片語動詞

它啟動引擎讓自己進一步減速。

This slowed it down just enough to enter into an elliptical orbit with an apoapsis of 70,000 km,

這使其速度恰好降至足以進入一條遠月點為 7 萬公里的橢圓軌道，

the exact height it was aiming for before.

這正是它之前瞄準的高度。

Since the gravity assist did most of the work, 慣用語

由於重力輔助完成了大部分工作，

Orion was able to save a huge amount of fuel.

Orion 能夠節省大量燃料。

However,

然而，

Orion still hadn't reached its distant retrograde orbit,

Orion 仍未進入其遠距離逆行軌道，

so it had to do one more burn in order to circularize its orbit. 用詞

因此它還需進行一次點火以實現軌道圓化。

It performed a burn once it reached its apoapsis to accelerate and raise its periapsis to 70,000 km. 用詞

在到達遠月點時，它進行了一次點火加速，將近月點提高到了 7 萬公里。

This got Orion into a distant retrograde orbit,

這使得 Orion 進入了遠距離逆行軌道，

which meant it traveled much deeper into space than the Apollo missions.

這意味著它比 Apollo 任務進入了更深遠的太空。

A single orbit of the Moon at this distance took 12 days,

在這個距離繞月飛行一圈需要 12 天，

and if NASA wanted to,

如果 NASA 願意，

they had the option of extending it by another 12 days 片語搭配

他們也可以選擇延長 12 天，

by simply staying around the Moon for another lap.

只需繞月球再飛行一圈即可。

This orbit was ideal for NASA,

這條軌道對 NASA 來說非常理想，

as it meant they could spend more time testing out Orion's systems.

因為這意味著他們有更多時間測試 Orion 的系統。

This trajectory may seem unusual at first,

這條軌道起初可能顯得有些不尋常，

but when we look at it from the Moon's perspective, 片語搭配

但如果我們從月球的角度來看，

it starts to make a lot more sense 片語搭配

它就開始變得非常有意義了，

and we can see how the Moon captured Orion.

我們也可以看出月球是如何捕獲 Orion 的。

It's even more interesting if we go back to Earth's perspective and take away the Moon.

如果我們回到地球的視角，並且忽略月球，那會更加有趣。

Technically, 表達脈絡

從技術上講，

Orion was actually still just in an elliptical orbit around Earth,

Orion 其實仍然只是在繞地球的橢圓軌道上運行，

but because its orbital period was the same as the Moon,

但由於其軌道週期與月球相同，

it appeared to constantly swap sides.

看起來它似乎在不斷地切換位置。

To get back to Earth,

為了返回地球，

Orion had to break free of the Moon's gravity. 片語動詞

Orion 必須擺脫月球引力的束縛。

This meant doing the clever gravity assist maneuver,

這意味著要進行同樣巧妙的重力輔助機動，

but in reverse. 片語搭配

只是方向相反。

It slowed down so that it would come close to the lunar surface 文法

它減速以便靠近月球表面，

and then did a final burn,

然後進行了最後一次點火，

which sent it on a trajectory back to Earth. 片語搭配

這將其送入了返回地球的軌道。

The reason it waited to perform this final burn at its closest approach 文法

為什麼它要等到近月點才執行這最後一次點火，

is due to the Oberth effect. 文化背景

是因為奧伯斯效應。

Even with the same amount of fuel on board, 文法

即便攜帶相同數量的燃料，

the rocket gains much more velocity by burning closer to the Moon

離月球越近，受到的引力越大，此時點火能使火箭獲得多得多的速度。

when it's feeling the most amount of gravitational pull.

此時它正承受著最大的引力。

Imagine two moving walkways, 表達脈絡

想像兩條自動人行道，

one moving slowly and one moving fast.

一條移動得很慢，一條移動得很快。

If someone walks down the slow one,

如果有人在慢的那條上走，

they will come off the end still moving quite slowly.

他們走到盡頭時，速度依然很慢。

If someone walks on the fast one,

如果有人在快的那條上走，

they will come to the end at a significantly higher speed.

他們到達盡頭時，速度會明顯快得多。

Not only that, 表達脈絡

不僅如此，

they will achieve a higher delta v by using less energy

他們還能用更少的能量獲得更高的 delta v，

since they have spent less time walking.

因為他們走路所花的時間更少。

When a spacecraft is at its closest approach,

當太空船處於近點時，

it's experiencing the highest amount of gravitational pull,

它正承受著最大的引力，

which speeds it up as if it were on the faster walkway. 文法

這使得它的速度加快，就像走在那條較快的自動人行道上一樣。

These types of maneuvers are an incredibly important part of spaceflight.

這類機動是太空飛行中極其重要的一部分。

They allow humans to make the most incredible leap to the Moon,

它們讓人類能夠完成飛向月球的不可思議的壯舉，

and with Orion,

而借助 Orion，

they will continue to pave the way for future astronauts. 慣用語

它們將繼續為未來的太空人鋪平道路。

And now,

現在，

it's time to give away a Saturn V rocket. 片語動詞

是時候送出一枚 Saturn V 火箭模型了。

The winner of this Primal Space giveaway is Ben Bensen.

本次 Primal Space 抽獎活動的獲獎者是 Ben Bensen。

Congratulations.

恭喜你！

But don't worry if you didn't win, 語氣意圖

如果你沒中獎也別擔心，

we'll be announcing yet another giveaway in the next video.

我們將在下期影片中公布另一場抽獎活動。

Thank you very much for watching

非常感謝您的觀看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我們下期影片再見。