為什麼囚犯以前真的要穿條紋服？：英語精讀講義

So you and your crack team of convicts have come up with the most brilliant escape plan ever. 講解

所以，你和你那支菁英囚犯小隊想出了史上最絕妙的越獄計畫。

You've spent weeks making a tunnel with nothing but spoons 文法

你們花了好幾個星期，只用湯匙挖出一條地道，

you've had smuggled into the prison

這些湯匙是你們偷偷帶進監獄的，

and you've got dummies that look just like you,

你們還準備了和自己一模一樣的假人，

which you'll put in your bed

打算把它們放在床上，

while you're busy crawling through your escape tunnel.

而你們則忙著爬過逃生地道。

Yep,

沒錯，

you've heard that story before

這個故事你以前聽過，

because it's actually been done.

因為它確實發生過。

The problem with escaping from prison is getting out is just the 表達脈絡

越獄的問題在於，逃出監獄僅僅是個

beginning.

開始。

Staying out is actually the hard part.

真正困難的是一直不被抓回去。

It's not exactly easy to leave a prison and then just mingle with the local population 片語搭配

離開監獄後再若無其事地混入當地人群，可沒那麼容易，

and the reason for that is, of course,

原因當然是，

you might not have any civilian clothes.

你可能根本沒有便服。

We're going to focus on the USA today

今天我們將把焦點放在美國，

because that's where the black and white stripes were first worn.

因為黑白條紋囚衣最早就是在那裡出現的。

In fact,

事實上，

if you look at many prisons around the world today,

如果你看看現今世界各地的許多監獄，

inmates can wear what you might call normal clothing, 語氣意圖

囚犯可以穿你眼中的一般服裝，

often a T-shirt and jogging pants or something similar.

通常是T恤和運動褲之類的服裝。

The rigid rules about what men have to wear in American prisons

美國監獄對男性必須穿什麼有嚴格規定，

is actually quite unique.

這其實相當獨特。

You might wonder why the USA is special in this regard

你可能會好奇，美國為什麼在這方面如此特殊，

and the topic is actually quite controversial.

而這個話題其實頗具爭議。

We'll get to that controversy later

稍後我們會談到這場爭議，

and first give you a short history lesson.

但先給大家上一堂簡短的歷史課。

So the black and white stripes came into being 片語搭配

黑白條紋囚衣的出現，

during something called the Auburn system. 文化背景

源自所謂的奧本制度。

The system was developed in the 1820s in New York State

這套制度於19世紀20年代在紐約州發展起來，

and it was supposed to be an improvement on other prison systems.

原本是為了改善其他監獄制度。

What it basically meant was that prisoners were no longer confined to their cells all the time

它基本上意味著囚犯不再一直被關在牢房裡，

and they were told they had to work throughout the day.

而是被要求整天勞動。

During the night,

到了夜裡，

they had to stay in their cells

他們必須待在牢房中，

but the catch was they had to remain silent. 表達脈絡

但條件是必須保持安靜。

The guards were very strict about this

獄警對此極為嚴格，

and it drove some of the prisoners half crazy. 片語搭配

逼得一些囚犯幾乎發瘋。

This system was supposed to rehabilitate people rather than just let them rot. 慣用語

這套制度號稱要矯正犯人，而不是任由他們爛在獄中。

The rules were incredibly strict

規定嚴苛得驚人，

and that was supposed to make the men more disciplined,

據說這樣能讓這些人更加守紀律，

something that might change their unruly behavior.

進而改變他們桀驁不馴的行為。

Not only did they have to remain silent at night, 文法

他們不僅夜裡必須保持安靜，

but when they walked in the day,

白天走路時，

they marched in single file, 片語搭配

還得排成一路縱隊行進，

locked to the prisoner in front of them.

並與前面的囚犯鎖在一起。

When they marched in the daytime,

他們白天列隊行進時，

they were neither allowed to look at the guards or even at other prisoners. 文法

既不准看獄警，甚至也不准看其他囚犯。

If that sounds dehumanizing, 表達脈絡

如果這聽起來毫無人性，

that's exactly what it was supposed to be.

那正是這套制度想要達到的效果。

The system was all about making the men conform to rules 片語搭配

這套制度的核心就是迫使他們服從規則，

and so another thing they had to conform to was wearing the correct uniform.

所以，他們還必須遵守另一項規定：穿對制服。

That uniform was the famous black and white stripes.

那套制服就是著名的黑白條紋囚衣。

The governor of Auburn prison at the time

當時奧本監獄的典獄長

said he wanted to take away the men's sense of self. 用詞

說，他想剝奪這些人的自我意識。

He wanted them to become more like robots,

他希望他們變得更像機器人，

men who did exactly what they were told.

成為對命令言聽計從的人。

He wanted to take their identity away from them and re-educate them.

他想奪走他們的身分，再重新教育他們。

This was why they all had to look the same.

這就是所有人都必須穿得一樣的原因。

So while the uniform was supposed to make the men stand out if they should escape, 片語動詞

所以，這套制服固然是為了讓他們越獄後格外顯眼，

it was also about trying to rid them of their character, 片語搭配

但也是為了設法抹去他們的個性，

a character that was seen as criminal.

因為這種個性被視為犯罪人格。

We should also point out that this was around the time

還要指出的是，當時正值

that whipping or flogging a prisoner was seen as inhumane.

鞭打囚犯開始被視為不人道行為的時期。

So the system wanted to beat the men psychologically. 慣用語

因此，這套制度轉而從心理上擊垮他們。

In the 20th century,

到了20世紀，

attitudes started to change and the dehumanization of prisoners was viewed by some more progressive people

觀念開始改變，一些較為進步的人認為，剝奪囚犯的人性

as not the best way to treat a prisoner.

並不是對待囚犯的最佳方式。

They saw those stripes as humiliating,

在他們看來，那些條紋是一種羞辱，

something you might call a badge of shame. 慣用語

就像所謂的恥辱標記。

Those progressives said the uniforms only served to make the men feel like convicts

這些進步人士說，制服只會讓這些人時刻覺得自己是罪犯，

and that was hardly in line with rehabilitation. 片語搭配

這顯然與矯正的目標背道而馳。

That's why a lot of prisons then changed and had prisoners wear things such as blue jeans and a white T-shirt

因此，許多監獄後來改變了做法，讓囚犯穿藍色牛仔褲配白T恤，

or maybe khaki pants and a denim work shirt.

或者卡其褲配丹寧工作襯衫。

It all depended on where a person was imprisoned.

具體穿什麼，全看一個人被關在哪裡。

Okay,

好吧，

so why did the orange jumpsuit take over many US prisons? 片語動詞

那麼，橘色連身囚衣為什麼會席捲美國許多監獄呢？

And that's a good question.

這是個好問題。

Thanks for asking.

謝謝你提問。

It's a complicated answer because some prisons don't make men wear orange and others do.

答案很複雜，因為有些監獄不要求犯人穿橘色，另一些則要求。

In some facilities,

在某些設施中，

the prisoners were only doled out those orange suits when they're out in public 片語動詞

只有囚犯公開露面

or being moved around.

或被押送轉移時，才會發給他們這種橘色囚衣。

The reason, of course,

原因當然

is so they stand out.

是為了讓他們格外顯眼。

Some prisons might make men and women wear pink shirts and yellow and white striped pants

有些監獄可能讓男女囚犯穿粉紅色上衣和黃白條紋褲，

and again the reason is so they stand out.

原因同樣是為了讓他們顯眼。

Sheriff Joseph Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona,

亞利桑那州馬里科帕郡的警長Joseph Arpaio，

who's detested by some progressives and loved by hardliners, 用詞

一些進步人士對他恨之入骨，強硬派卻對他推崇有加，

has made men wear pink underwear to humiliate them

曾強迫男性囚犯穿粉紅色內褲來羞辱他們，

and he's also had men wear black and white stripes.

還讓他們穿黑白條紋囚衣。

That sheriff adheres to the old concept that men should be dehumanized.

這位警長信奉那種應該剝奪犯人人性的老觀念。

He also went a step further, 片語搭配

他甚至更進一步，

as he usually does, 語氣意圖

一如往常，

and got inmates to write ESCAPEE on the inside of their black and white striped uniforms

讓囚犯在黑白條紋囚衣的內側寫上「ESCAPEE」，

so if they escaped,

這樣一旦他們逃跑，

they couldn't turn the uniform inside out.

就無法把囚衣翻過來穿了。

In the American system,

在美國的監獄制度中，

you've also got color codes which designate what kind of prisoner is locked up.

還有顏色編碼，用來標明被關押的囚犯屬於哪一類。

In some prisons,

在一些監獄裡，

if a person wears a dark red,

如果一個人穿深紅色囚衣，

he's designated as the worst of the worst, 慣用語

就表示他是最危險的重犯，

a violent individual who should be feared.

是個令人畏懼的暴力分子。

You might have red as a designation of just high risk

紅色可能代表高風險，

and you might have yellow as a designation of low risk.

黃色則可能代表低風險。

So the black and white stripes went out and the orange came in along with all kinds of other colors, 表達脈絡

於是，黑白條紋退出舞台，橘色和其他各種顏色紛紛登場，

but then something strange happened in the early 2000s

但在21世紀初，發生了一件怪事，

and that was prisons all over the US started bringing back the black and white stripes.

美國各地的監獄開始重新採用黑白條紋囚衣。

So what was the reason for that?

這是為什麼呢？

The problem, according to some authorities,

一些當局表示，問題在於，

was that if prisoners in jumpsuits escaped,

如果穿連身服的囚犯越獄，

they might blend in on the outside 片語動詞

他們在外面很可能混入人群，

with workmen or highway workers or any other law-abiding citizen that just wears a jumpsuit to work. 片語搭配

看起來就像工人、公路施工人員，或任何穿連身工作服上班的守法公民。

The zebra look made a comeback even though many years earlier 講解

斑馬造型捲土重來，儘管早在多年前，

that look was said to be too dehumanizing.

這種裝束就曾因太不人道而遭到批評。

Does this mean the system is in a state of regression

這是否意味著監獄制度正在倒退，

and actually becoming more inhumane?

而且實際上變得更加不人道？

Well, that's an ongoing argument.

這個爭論至今仍在繼續。

One sheriff interviewed by the New York Times said it was not about humiliating prisoners 文法

一位接受《紐約時報》採訪的警長說，這並不是要用

with a badge of shame,

恥辱標記來羞辱囚犯，

but just about preventing them from successfully escaping.

而只是為了防止他們成功逃脫。

He said this:

他是這樣說的：

"The likelihood of recovering someone in stripes is 100% better than if they're not.

「找回身穿條紋囚衣者的機率，比沒穿條紋囚衣時高出100%。

It turns the public into one heck of an eye for us." 慣用語

這等於讓民眾成了我們極其厲害的眼線。」

Actually, prison escapes in the US are very rare.

事實上，美國很少發生越獄。

If you look at the statistics, 表達脈絡

如果你查看統計資料，

they're a bit misleading because they include prisoners who are allowed outside during the day

會發現它們有些誤導，因為其中還包括白天獲准外出

and then have to check back in at night.

晚上必須返回報到的囚犯。

Some of those guys just fail to check back in. 片語動詞

其中有些人只是不回來報到。

This is more like going AWOL. 文化背景

這更像是擅離職守。

Maximum security breakouts are so rare these days that one researcher said it was hard to research them. 文法

如今，從最高戒備監獄越獄的事件少之又少，以至於一名研究人員說這類事件很難研究。

Out of the 2.3 million or so incarcerated people in the USA,

美國約有230萬名在押人員，

very few of them escape

其中逃脫者寥寥無幾，

and we mean hardly any at all. 文法

我們是說，真的幾乎一個都沒有。

Even if men do escape,

即使有人成功逃脫，

they usually have some help on the outside

通常也有外界接應，

and can quickly take off that uniform and change into civilian clothes.

可以迅速脫下囚衣，換上便服。

So with that in mind, 表達脈絡

考量到這一點，

you could say the uniform is related to that badge of shame as well as being an escape deterrent.

可以說，囚衣既是那種恥辱標記，也是一種防越獄手段。

And some people might say the uniformity of prison dress makes the prisoner more manageable

有些人可能會說，統一囚衣能讓囚犯更容易管理，

and he should be stripped of his dignity. 慣用語

而且就該剝奪他的尊嚴。

Others would counter saying the badge of disgrace is not effective in terms of rehabilitating someone.

另一些人則會反駁說，恥辱標記對矯正一個人並無效果。

Soldiers or some school kids might wear a uniform,

軍人或一些學生也許會穿制服，

but this is supposed to bring people together.

但這種制服是為了讓人們團結起來。

It's for the purpose of a common cause

它服務於共同的目標，

and to foster cohesion, 片語搭配

並用來增強凝聚力，

working for the same team.

讓大家為同一支團隊效力。

But the question is,

但問題是，

does prison uniform create kind of criminal cohesion?

囚衣會不會形成某種罪犯之間的凝聚力？

Is that really necessary or even negative?

這真的有必要嗎？甚至會不會產生負面影響？

In 1955,

1955年，

the United Nations came out with the standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners. 片語動詞

聯合國公布了《囚犯待遇最低限度標準規則》。

That was later revised as the Mandela Rules in 2015. 文化背景

這套規則後來在2015年修訂為《曼德拉規則》。

This is one part of those rules:

以下是其中一部分：

"Every prisoner who is not allowed to wear his or her own clothing

「凡不准穿自己衣服的囚犯，

shall be provided with an outfit of clothing suitable for the climate 文法

均應獲發一套適合當地氣候

and adequate to keep him or her in good health.

且足以維持其良好健康狀況的衣服。

Such clothing shall in no manner be degrading or humiliating." 用詞

這種衣服絕不得有貶抑或羞辱性。」

And this is another part:

以下是另一部分：

"In exceptional circumstances, 片語搭配

「在特殊情況下，

whenever a prisoner is removed outside the prison for an authorized purpose,

凡經批准將囚犯帶離監獄時，

he or she shall be allowed to wear his or her own clothing

應准許其穿自己的衣服

or other inconspicuous clothing."

或其他不顯眼的衣服。」

It seems in the US some states are more concerned with following these rules than others

在美國，有些州似乎比其他州更重視遵守這些規則，

and maybe it's a matter of opinion if pink underwear or black and white stripes are degrading or humiliating.

至於粉紅色內褲或黑白條紋算不算貶抑或羞辱，也許見仁見智。

Maybe you believe an orange jumpsuit doesn't have to be worn when a prisoner is being transported 文法

你或許認為，押送囚犯時不一定非得讓他穿橘色連身囚衣，

or maybe you think it's necessary.

也可能認為這很有必要。

In some countries,

在一些國家，

prisoners are still shackled when they have a court date or are moved. 文化背景

囚犯出庭或被轉移時依然要戴上鐐銬。

So don't think every nation follows these Mandela Rules. 語氣意圖

所以別以為每個國家都遵守這些《曼德拉規則》。

Like we said at the start, 表達脈絡

正如我們開頭所說，

it's a controversial hot potato of a topic 慣用語

這是一個極具爭議的燙手話題，

and it's not easy to come to a conclusion as to what is right and what's wrong. 片語搭配

很難斷定究竟孰是孰非。

That's why we'd love to know what you think about prison uniforms.

因此，我們很想知道你對囚衣有什麼看法。

Should prisoners be able to wear casual dress like in most countries

囚犯是否應該像大多數國家那樣可以穿便服，

or should they wear stripes or with the orange jumpsuits?

還是應該穿條紋囚衣或橘色連身囚衣？

And since we've talked today about culture and how things are different in various countries,

今天我們談到了文化，以及各國做法的差異，

we'll stay with the topic of culture and give you two fascinating videos to watch.

接下來就繼續聊文化，並為你推薦兩支精彩影片。

Have a look at one of these:

來看看其中一支：

Taboos Around the World

《世界各地的禁忌》

and Embarrassing Tourist Mistakes You Make in Different Countries.

和《你在不同國家會犯的尷尬觀光客錯誤》。