沒有醫生的未來？ - 6分鐘英語：英語精讀講義

Hi, Neil from BBC Learning English here.

大家好，我是 BBC Learning English 的 Neil。

Did you know that we are now offering a new weekly extra episode of Six Minute English exclusively on our website?

你知道我們現在每週都會在網站上獨家提供一集新的《Six Minute English》額外節目嗎？

So, go to bbclearningenglish.com to find your favorite presenters on your favorite program.

所以，請造訪 bbclearningenglish.com，在你最喜歡的節目中找到你最喜歡的主持人。

The extra episodes are only available on our website bbclearningenglish.com.

額外節目僅在我們的網站 bbclearningenglish.com 上提供。

See you there.

到時見。

Six Minute English from bbclearningenglish.com.

這裡是來自 bbclearningenglish.com 的《Six Minute English》。

Hello, this is Six Minute English from BBC Learning English.

大家好，這裡是 BBC Learning English 的《Six Minute English》。

I'm Neil.

我是 Neil。

And I'm Sam.

我是 Sam。

Are you feeling well, Sam?

你感覺好嗎，Sam？

No headache or sore throat?

沒有頭痛或喉嚨痛嗎？

No, I feel fine, thanks, Neil.

沒有，我感覺很好，謝謝你，Neil。

Why do you ask?

你為什麼這麼問？

Well, I've been reading some inspirational stories about the doctors and nurses fighting COVID. 文法

嗯，我一直在讀一些關於醫生和護理師抗擊新冠疫情的鼓舞人心的故事。

When I was a boy,

當我還是個男孩時，

I always dreamed of becoming a doctor. 片語搭配

我一直夢想成為一名醫生。

Ah, I see.

啊，我明白了。

Have you ever been in hospital? 用詞

你住過院嗎？

Mm, yes, I have.

嗯，是的，我住過。

And I remember the nurse's bedside manner, you know, 用詞

我還記得護理師對待病人的態度，你知道，

the kind and caring way that doctors and nurses treat people who are ill.

也就是醫生和護理人員對待病人的那種和藹體貼的方式。

Nowadays,

如今，

more and more of the jobs that humans do are being carried out by machines. 文法

越來越多的人類工作被機器取代。

But I doubt that a doctor's bedside manner could easily be replaced by a robot. 語氣意圖

但我懷疑醫生對待病人的態度能否輕易被機器人取代。

In this program,

在本期節目中，

we'll be discussing whether the revolution in artificial intelligence,

我們將討論人工智慧的革命，

often shortened to AI, 片語搭配

通常簡稱為 AI，

could replace human doctors and nurses.

是否可以取代人類醫生和護理人員。

We'll be asking,

我們會問，

can you imagine a future without doctors?

你能想像一個沒有醫生的未來嗎？

In fact,

事實上，

machines are already doing some of the jobs traditionally done by doctors.

機器已經在做一些傳統上由醫生做的工作了。

Scanning people's bodies to detect skin cancer, for example.

例如，掃描人的身體來檢測皮膚癌。

Yes, that's true, Sam.

是的，這是真的，Sam。

And it links to my quiz question,

這也和我的測驗題有關，

which is about human skin.

這道題是關於人體皮膚的。

It's a well-known fact that skin is the human body's largest organ. 表達脈絡

眾所周知，皮膚是人體最大的器官。

But how much skin does the average adult have?

但是一個普通成年人有多少皮膚呢？

Is it A, 2 square m,

是 A，2平方公尺，

B, 3 square m,

B，3平方公尺，

or C, 4 square m?

還是 C，4平方公尺？

Of course, our skin gets loose as we age,

當然，我們的皮膚會隨著年齡的增長而鬆弛，

but I can't believe there's 3 square m of it.

但我不敢相信它有3平方公尺那麼大。

I'll say the answer is A, 2 square m.

我覺得答案是 A，2平方公尺。

Okay,

好的，

we'll find out if that's correct later.

我們稍後會揭曉答案是否正確。

Every year in the UK,

在英國，每年

over 5 million people are treated for skin cancer. 片語搭配

都有超過500萬人接受皮膚癌治療。

Catch it early, and your chances of survival are increased. 講解

及早發現，你的存活率就會增加。

Usually, a skin specialist or dermatologist 用詞

通常，皮膚專科醫生或皮膚科醫生

will examine your skin using a handheld microscope.

會使用手持顯微鏡檢查你的皮膚。

But in 2017,

但在2017年，

a team of researchers at Stanford Medical School made an exciting announcement.

史丹佛大學醫學院的一個研究團隊宣布了一個令人振奮的消息。

Here's Oxford University researcher Daniel Susskind telling BBC World Service program The Big Idea

下面是牛津大學研究員 Daniel Susskind 在 BBC 世界服務節目《The Big Idea》中講述

what the medics at Stanford had invented.

史丹佛的醫生們發明了什麼。

A team of researchers at Stanford last year announced the development of a system that

史丹佛大學的一個研究團隊去年宣布開發了一個系統，

if you give it a photo of a freckle,

如果你給它一張雀斑的照片，

it can tell you as accurately 文法

它能以

as 21 leading dermatologists whether or not that freckle is cancerous. 文法

21位頂尖皮膚科醫生那樣準確的程度，告訴你這個雀斑是否發生癌變。

The Stanford medical team had invented an AI system to analyze freckles, 用詞

史丹佛醫療團隊發明了一種人工智慧系統來分析雀斑，

small brown spots found on people's skin,

也就是在人的皮膚上發現的小褐斑，

especially on pale skin.

尤其是在白皙的皮膚上。

As it turned out, 表達脈絡

事實證明，

the AI program was better than human doctors 文法

AI 程式比人類醫生做得更好，

at telling whether a freckle was harmless or cancerous, 用詞

在判斷雀斑是無害的還是癌變的方面，

connected to some type of cancer.

也就是是否與某種癌症相關聯。

So, it seems that artificial intelligence is already replacing humans

也就是說，人工智慧似乎已經在取代人類了

when it comes to detecting cancer 片語搭配

當涉及到檢測癌症時，

and doing a better job of it. 片語搭配

並且做得更好。

But Daniel Susskind isn't convinced. 語氣意圖

但 Daniel Susskind 並不完全信服。

One reason is that AI systems still need humans to program them. 表達脈絡

一個原因是人工智慧系統仍然需要人類來對其進行程式設計。

And as it turns out,

事實證明，

knowing exactly how doctors detect illness remains something of a mystery. 片語搭配

確切了解醫生如何檢測疾病仍然是個謎。

Here's Daniel Susskind again in conversation with BBC World Service program The Big Idea.

再次請聽 Daniel Susskind 在 BBC 世界服務節目《The Big Idea》中的談話。

If you ask a doctor how it is they make a diagnosis, 片語搭配

如果你問一位醫生他們是如何做出診斷的，

they might be able to point you to particularly 片語搭配

他們可能會給你指出

revealing parts of a reference book

參考書中特別有啟發性的部分，

or give you a few rules of thumb.

或者給你幾條經驗法則。

But ultimately, they'd struggle.

但最終，他們會感到有些為難。

They'd say again it requires things like creativity and judgment,

他們會再次說這需要創造力和判斷力等因素，

and these things are very difficult to articulate. 用詞

而這些東西很難用語言表達清楚。

And so, traditionally, it's been thought very hard to automate. 文法

因此，傳統上認為它很難實現自動化。

If a human being can't explain how they do these special things,

如果人類無法解釋他們是如何做這些特殊事情的，

where on earth do we begin 慣用語

我們到底該從哪裡開始

in writing instructions for a machine to follow?

為機器編寫指令呢？

Most doctors find it difficult to explain how they make a diagnosis,

大多數醫生覺得很難解釋他們是如何做出診斷的，

their judgment about what someone's particular sickness is,

即他們對某人具體疾病的判斷，

made by examining them.

是透過檢查他們而得出的。

Diagnosing someone's illness is complicated,

診斷某人的疾病很複雜，

but there are some rules of thumb.

但有一些經驗法則。

A rule of thumb is a practical but approximate way of doing something. 慣用語

經驗法則是一種實用但近似的做事方式。

For example, when cooking,

例如，在做飯時，

a good rule of thumb is two portions of water to one portion of rice. 文法

一個很好的經驗法則是兩份水配一份米。

Exactly.

完全正確。

And because identifying sickness is so difficult,

正因為識別疾病如此困難，

Daniel says,

Daniel 說道，

where on earth do we begin writing instructions for a machine?

我們到底要從哪裡開始給機器編寫指令呢？

We use phrases like where, how, or what on earth

我們使用像 where、how 或 what on earth 這樣的片語

to show feelings like anger, surprise, or disbelief.

來表達憤怒、驚訝或懷疑等情緒。

I might show surprise by asking Sam,

我可以透過問 Sam 來表達驚訝，

how on earth did you know the answer to that?

你到底是怎麼知道那個答案的？

Aha, I guess you're talking about your quiz question, Neil.

啊哈，我猜你是在說你的測驗題，Neil。

And you needn't be so surprised. 文法

你大可不必這麼驚訝。

I'm naturally brainy. 用詞

我天生就很聰明。

Of course you are. 語氣意圖

你當然聰明。

In my quiz question,

在我的測驗題中，

I asked Sam how much skin there is on an adult human body.

我問 Sam 成年人身上有多少皮膚。

And I said it was A, 2 square m.

我說答案是 A，2平方公尺。

Which was the correct answer.

這是正確答案。

With your brains, I think you'd make a good doctor, Sam. 片語搭配

憑你的聰明才智，我覺得你會成為一名好醫生，Sam。

And I'm sure you'd have a good bedside manner, too.

我確信你對待病人的態度也會很好。

Ah, you mean the kind and caring way that doctors and nurses treat their patients.

啊，你是指醫生和護理師對待病人的那種和藹體貼的方式。

Okay, let's recap the rest of the vocabulary, 表達脈絡

好了，讓我們來回顧一下剩下的詞彙，

starting with freckle,

從 freckle（雀斑）開始，

a small brown spot on someone's skin.

指人皮膚上的小棕色斑點。

Freckles are usually harmless, but some skin spots can be cancerous,

雀斑通常是無害的，但有些皮膚斑點可能是癌變的，

connected to cancer.

即與癌症相關。

A doctor's diagnosis is their judgment about what someone's particular sickness or disease is.

醫生的 diagnosis（診斷）是他們對某人具體疾病或病症的判斷。

A rule of thumb is a useful but approximate way of doing or measuring something.

A rule of thumb（經驗法則）是一種有用但近似的做事或測量方法。

And finally, we use phrases like where on earth

最後，我們使用諸如 where on earth 之類的片語

as a way to show emotions like anger, surprise, or disbelief.

作為一種表達憤怒、驚訝或懷疑等情緒的方式。

That's all for this program,

這就是本期節目的全部內容，

but join us for the next edition of Six Minute English

請加入我們下一期的《Six Minute English》，

when we'll discuss another trending topic and the related vocabulary. 用詞

屆時我們將討論另一個熱門話題和相關詞彙。

Why on earth would you miss it?

你到底為什麼要錯過呢？

Goodbye for now.

暫時再見了。

Goodbye.

再見。

Six Minute English from the BBC.

這裡是來自 BBC 的《Six Minute English》。