如何學得更快：英語精讀講義

This episode is supported by brilliant.org.

本集節目由 brilliant.org 贊助。

Whether you're headed back to school 文法

無論你正準備返校，

or just wanting to pick up a new skill 片語動詞

還是只想學會一項新技能，

like a language or an instrument,

比如一門語言或一種樂器，

learning new things is amazing.

學習新事物都很棒。

But is there a better way to learn something quickly

但有沒有更好的方法，能讓你快速學會新東西，

and retain that knowledge?

並把這些知識牢牢記住呢？

First step is skip the laptop. 文法

第一步：先別用筆記型電腦。

Though you might be quicker at typing,

雖然打字可能比較快，

writing with pen and paper

但用紙筆手寫

is the way to go when taking notes. 慣用語

才是做筆記時的最佳選擇。

Not only are there oodles of distractions online, 講解

網路上不僅到處都是讓人分心的事物，

but researchers have found that those who type

研究人員還發現，用打字方式記錄的人

process the information at a shallower level 用詞

對資訊的處理只停留在較淺的層次，

as opposed to simply transcribing verbatim. 講解

往往只是逐字照抄。

Reframing the information into your own words 片語搭配

用自己的話重新組織資訊，

while writing out physically

再親手把它寫下來，

leads to better performance on tests. 片語搭配

能讓你在考試中表現得更好。

And to retain those notes,

而要記住這些筆記的內容，

study, sleep, study.

就照著「學習、睡覺、再學習」的順序來。

In a French experiment,

在法國的一項實驗中，

two groups were taught the Swahili translation 文法

研究人員分兩次讓兩組人學習

for 16 French words over two sessions.

16個法文單字的斯瓦希里語譯法。

Group one studied in the morning,

第一組早上學習，

then took a break, 片語搭配

然後休息一段時間，

and studied again in the evening.

晚上再學一次。

But group two studied in the evening,

而第二組晚上學習，

slept for the night,

睡了一晚，

and then resumed studying in the morning. 文法

隔天早上接著學。

Though there was the same amount of time

兩次學習之間的間隔時間

between the two study sessions,

雖然完全一樣，

the sleep group could recall 10 of the 16 words,

但睡過覺的那組能回想起16個單字中的10個，

while the no sleep group 文法

而沒有睡覺的那組

could only get seven and a half. 用詞

只能想起7個半。

Learning a new motor skill?

正在學一項新的動作技能嗎？

Try modifying your practice slightly.

試著稍微調整一下練習方式。

A study of 86 healthy volunteers

一項研究招募了86名健康志願者，

were asked to learn a computer-based motor skill 用詞

要求他們學習一項透過電腦操作的動作技能，

over two training sessions.

並分兩次進行訓練。

One group's second training session

其中一組在第二次訓練時，

had them learn the task in a slightly altered way, 文法

用稍微改變的方式完成這項任務，

while the other repeated the task

另一組則重複了這項任務，

with the exact same practice. 用詞

練習方式和之前完全相同。

Those who used two different strategies

採用兩種不同策略的人，

nearly doubled the speed of accuracy of the task 文法

準確完成任務的速度

compared to the control group. 片語搭配

幾乎是對照組的兩倍。

What does this look like in the real world? 講解

這在現實中要怎麼做呢？

Say you're perfecting your tennis game, 表達脈絡

假設你正在精進自己的網球技巧，

try switching between rackets

可以試著換用不同的球拍，

with slightly different weights between sessions.

每次練習所用球拍的重量略有差異。

However, researchers suggest

不過，研究人員建議，

you don't make the modification too big.

調整幅度不要太大。

For example,

例如，

switching between tennis and badminton

在網球和羽球之間來回切換，

shows no increased success in tennis.

並不會提升你的網球表現。

Can't focus? 表達脈絡

無法專心嗎？

Get some exercise.

那就運動一下。

A study found that those who worked out 片語動詞

一項研究發現，那些先在健身腳踏車上

for 15 minutes on a stationary bike 用詞

騎了15分鐘，

and then completed a memory task

接著完成記憶任務的人，

completed the task significantly faster 文法

完成任務的速度明顯快於

than the group that didn't exercise.

沒有運動的那一組。

Even a quick walk around the block 片語搭配

就算只是在街區快走一圈，

can clear up your mind. 片語搭配

也能讓頭腦清醒起來。

Trying to memorize the electromagnetic spectrum 語氣意圖

想要記住電磁波譜，

in order of increasing frequency? 片語搭配

而且要按頻率遞增的順序？

Well, who isn't? 語氣意圖

誰不想呢？

Try a mnemonic device 用詞

試試助憶法吧，

such as an acronym sentence like

例如編一句字首助憶句：

Raging Martians invaded Venus

「狂暴的火星人入侵了金星，

using X-Ray Guns.

還動用了X光槍。」

This method has been proven in several studies

多項研究都已證明，這種方法

as a way of committing information to memory. 片語搭配

有助於把資訊牢牢記住。

Why?

為什麼呢？

Theories suggest that adults can only hold

有理論認為，成年人在短期記憶中

a limited number of items in our short-term memory. 用詞

只能同時保留數量有限的項目。

By grouping items into a mnemonic, 文法

把多個項目編進一個助憶句中，

it allows your brain to hold onto 片語動詞

能讓大腦記住

larger amounts of information,

更多資訊，

which can eventually aid 片語搭配

最終還有助於

into the creation of long-term memories.

形成長期記憶。

And the weirder the sentence is, the better, 文法

而且句子越古怪越好，

as unique sentences have a higher chance 慣用語

因為獨特的句子更有可能被記住，

of sticking than boring ones.

比無聊的句子效果更好。

And say it out loud. 片語搭配

還要把它大聲說出來。

Test individuals were given a list of words

研究人員給受試者一份單字表，

where half were read silently

其中一半讓他們默讀，

and the other half were read out loud.

另一半則大聲念出來。

When given a new list of words 文法

接著又給了他們一份新的單字表，

and asked to identify which ones

並請他們辨認哪些單字

they had already read previously, 用詞

是自己先前讀過的。

they were able to recall the words read out loud

他們能更常認出大聲念過的單字，

with significantly more frequency

而且成功率明顯高於

than those read silently.

那些默讀過的單字。

Here's a no-brainer. 慣用語

這點不用想也知道：

Make sure you're hydrated. 片語搭配

一定要補充足夠的水分。

In a study where participants fasted

在一項研究中，參與者從前一晚起禁食，

and abstained from fluids since the previous evening, 用詞

同時也不能攝取任何液體，

they were asked to perform on a reaction test.

接著被要求進行反應測試。

One group was given 500 ml of water

其中一組獲得了500毫升水，

right before the test,

並在測試開始前立刻喝下，

while the other group wasn't. 文法

另一組則沒有喝水。

The group that was able to hydrate before the test

在測試前能補充水分的那一組

obviously performed significantly better.

果然表現明顯更好。

This is because water helps improve 表達脈絡

這是因為水有助於改善

overall mental processing and learning.

整體的認知處理與學習能力。

And after all that hard 片語搭配

這麼辛苦地學習

work, give yourself a reward. 片語搭配

之後，給自己一點獎勵吧。

One study found that reward-motivated learning,

一項研究發現，由獎勵驅動的學習

in this particular study it was monetary compensation, 用詞

——在這項研究中，獎勵是金錢報酬——

led to increased memory formation,

能促進記憶形成，

and this effect even increased

而且獎勵的價值越高，

when the reward was of higher value.

這種效果就越明顯。

This finding highlights how reward motivation 表達脈絡

這項發現顯示，獎勵帶來的動機

promotes memory formation

能促進記憶形成，

via the release of feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine 片語搭配

這是透過釋放讓人感到愉悅的神經傳導物質多巴胺來實現的，

in the hippocampus. prior to learning. 片語搭配

而這種物質會在學習前於海馬迴內釋放。

If you're really keen to learn faster, 用詞

如果你真的很想學得更快，

check out brilliant.org,

不妨看看 brilliant.org。

who sponsored this episode

它贊助了本集節目，

and is one of the best places to do just that.

也是達成這個目標的最佳平台之一。

Like us, they believe that if you're excited,

他們和我們一樣相信：只要你充滿熱情，

you'll learn quickly,

就能學得很快；

that active learning is best,

主動學習的效果最好；

and that questions that spark curiosity 片語搭配

而能夠激發好奇心的問題

are so important.

也至關重要。

Whenever we want to build up 片語動詞

每當我們想要增強

our logical thinking powers

自己的邏輯思考能力，

or break down the physics 片語動詞

或是想剖析

of everyday experiences around us,

身邊日常經驗背後的物理原理時，

we check out brilliant.

都會去 brilliant 看看。

It's a great way to challenge your mind on the go, 慣用語

這是讓你隨時隨地挑戰腦力的好方法，

and you can master foundational concepts

你還可以掌握基礎概念，

through guided in-depth problem-solving quizzes.

方法是完成循序引導的深度解題測驗。

Check them out at brilliant.org/asapscience

現在就前往 brilliant.org/asapscience，

to sign up for free now.

免費註冊。

And let us know how it's helped you learn faster.

也請告訴我們，它如何幫助你學得更快。

And subscribe for more weekly videos every Thursday.

別忘了訂閱，每週四收看更多新影片。