哲學 - 海德格：英語精讀講義

Martin Heidegger is without doubt the most incomprehensible German philosopher that ever 片語搭配

毫無疑問，馬丁·海德格是有史以來最令人費解的德國哲學家，

lived. Nothing quite rivals the prose in his masterpiece Being and Time, 文法

其巨著《存在與時間》中的散文體絕對是無與倫比的，

which is filled with complex compound German words

裡面充滿了複雜的德語複合詞，

like Seinsvergessenheit, Bodenständigkeit, and Wesensverfassung.

像是 Seinsvergessenheit、Bodenständigkeit 和 Wesensverfassung。

Yet beneath the jargon, Heidegger tells us some simple, 表達脈絡

然而，在這些專業術語的表象之下，海德格向我們道出了一些簡單、

even at times, homespun truths about the meaning of our lives,

甚至是樸實無華的真理，關於我們生命的意義、

the sicknesses of our time, and the routes to freedom.

我們這個時代的病症，以及通向自由的路徑。

We should bother with him. 片語搭配

我們有必要去了解他。

He was born and in many ways remained a rural provincial German who loved picking mushrooms,

他出生於德國的鄉鎮，並在很多方面終生保持著鄉下人的特質：他喜歡採蘑菇、

walking in the countryside, and going to bed early.

在鄉間散步以及早睡。

He hated television, airplanes, pop music, and processed food.

他討厭電視、飛機、流行音樂和加工食品。

At one time, he'd been a supporter of Hitler,

他曾一度是希特勒的支持者，

but saw the error of his ways. 慣用語

但後來認識到了自己的錯誤。

Much of his life he spent in a hut in the woods away from modern civilization.

他一生的大部分時間都是在樹林裡的小木屋中度過的，遠離現代文明。

He diagnosed modern humanity as suffering from a number of diseases of the soul. 講解

他診斷出現代人患有許多種靈魂疾病。

Firstly, we have forgotten to notice we're alive.

首先，我們忘記了去感知自己還活著。

We know it in theory, of course, 片語搭配

當然，我們在理論上是知道的，

but we aren't day-to-day properly in touch with the sheer mystery of existence, 片語搭配

但在日常生活中，我們並沒有真正去體會存在的純粹奧秘，

the mystery of what Heidegger called das Sein or in English, being.

也就是海德格所說的 das Sein（存在）的奧秘。

It's only at a few odd moments, perhaps late at night, or when we're ill and have been alone all day,

只有在少數偶然的時刻，也許是深夜，或者是生病獨自待了一整天的時候，

or are on a walk through the countryside, that we come up against the uncanny strangeness of everything. 片語動詞

或者是在鄉間散步的時候，我們才會突然感受到萬物那種難以名狀的陌生感。

Why things exist as they do, why we're here rather than there, 表達脈絡

為什麼事物會以現在的狀態存在，為什麼我們在這裡而不是那裡，

why the world is like it is.

為什麼世界是這般模樣。

What we're running away from is a confrontation with the opposite of being, 文法

我們在逃避的，其實是面對「存在」的反面，

what Heidegger called das Nichts, the nothing. 文化背景

也就是海德格所說的 das Nichts，即「虛無」。

The second problem is we've forgotten that all being is connected.

第二個問題是，我們忘記了所有的「存在」都是相互關聯的。

Most of the time, our jobs and daily routines make us egoistic and focused. 文法

在大多數時間裡，我們的工作和日常事務讓我們變得自私而又專注。

We treat others and nature as means and not as ends. 用詞

我們把他人和自然當作手段，而不是目的。

But occasionally, and again, walks in the country are particularly conducive to this realization, 片語搭配

但偶爾——同樣，在鄉間散步尤其有助於這種感悟——

we may step outside our narrow orbit and take a more expansive view. 講解

我們可能會走出狹隘的生活軌道，以更廣闊的視角看世界。

We may sense what Heidegger termed the unity of being,

我們可能會感受到海德格所說的「存在的統一性」，

noticing, for example, that we, and that ladybug on the bark,

比如注意到，我們、樹皮上的那隻瓢蟲、

and that rock, and that cloud over there,

那塊岩石，還有那邊的那朵雲，

are all in existence right now and are fundamentally united by the basic fact of our common being.

此刻都存在著，並且因為我們共同存在的這一基本事實而從根本上連結在一起。

Heidegger values these moments immensely and wants us to use them as the springboard to a deeper form of generosity, 慣用語

海德格極其重視這些時刻，並希望我們把它們作為跳板，去達到一種更深層次的慷慨，

an overcoming of alienation and egoism,

去克服疏離感與利己主義，

and a more profound appreciation of the brief time that remains to us

並且更深刻地珍惜我們所剩不多的短暫光陰，

before das Nichts claims us in turn.

在 das Nichts（虛無）輪到吞噬我們之前。

The third problem is we forget to be free and to live for ourselves.

第三個問題是，我們忘記了自由，忘記了為自己而活。

Much about us isn't, of course, very free.

當然，關於我們的很多事情並不那麼自由。

We are in Heidegger's unusual formulation, thrown into the world at the start of our lives, 文化背景

用海德格不同尋常的表述來說，我們在生命伊始就被「拋入」了這個世界，

thrown into a particular and narrow social milieu,

被拋入一個特定而狹隘的社會環境，

surrounded by rigid attitudes, archaic prejudices, and practical necessities not of our own making. 片語搭配

被並非我們造成的死板態度、陳舊偏見和現實需求所包圍。

The philosopher wants to help us to overcome this thrownness, Geworfenheit,

這位哲學家想幫助我們克服這種「被拋狀態」（Geworfenheit），

as he put it in German, by understanding it. 片語搭配

正如他用德語所表達的那樣，去理解它以克服它。

We need to grasp our psychological, social, and professional provincialism

我們需要認清自己在心理上、社會上和職業上的狹隘性，

and then rise above it to a more universal perspective. 片語動詞

然後超越它，昇華到一種更普世的視角。

In so doing, we'll make the classic Heideggerian journey away from Uneigentlichkeit to Eigentlichkeit, 表達脈絡

透過這樣做，我們將完成經典的海德格式旅程，從 Uneigentlichkeit（非本真狀態）走向 Eigentlichkeit（本真狀態），

from inauthenticity to authenticity.

從不真實走向真實。

We will, in essence, start to live for ourselves. 片語搭配

從本質上講，我們將開始為自己而活。

And yet, most of the time, for Heidegger, we fail dismally at this task. 片語搭配

然而，對海德格來說，大多數時候，我們在這項任務上都敗得很慘。

We merely surrender to a socialized, superficial mode of being he called they-self as opposed to our-selves 片語搭配

我們只是屈服於一種社會化的、膚淺的生存模式，他稱之為「常人自我」（they-self），以此與「真正的自我」（our-selves）相對立，

We follow the chatter, das Gerede, in German,

我們隨波逐流地聽信那些閒言閒語——在德語中叫 das Gerede，

which we hear about in the newspapers, on TV,

我們在報紙上、在電視上聽到它，

and in the large cities that Heidegger hated to spend time in.

在海德格討厭待的大城市裡也會聽到它。

What will help us to pull away from the they-self is an appropriately intense focus on our own upcoming death. 片語動詞

能幫助我們擺脫「常人自我」的方法，就是適度地強烈關注我們自己終將到來的死亡。

It's only when we realize that other people cannot save us from das Nichts that we're likely to stop living for them, 講解

只有當我們意識到別人無法將我們從 das Nichts（虛無）中拯救出來時，我們才有可能停止為他們而活，

to stop worrying so much about what others think,

停止過度在意別人的想法，

and to cease giving up the lion's share of our lives and energies 慣用語

停止把我們絕大部分的生命和精力，

to impress people who never really liked us in the first place. 片語搭配

浪費在討好那些一開始就根本不喜歡我們的人身上。

When, in a lecture in 1961, Heidegger was asked how we should better lead our lives, 片語搭配

在 1961 年的一次演講中，當被問及我們應該如何更好地度過這一生時，

he replied tersely that we should simply aim to spend more time in graveyards.

海德格簡短地回答說，我們應該試著在墓地裡多待些時間。

It would be lying to say that Heidegger's meaning and moral is ever very clear. 文法

如果要說海德格的意思和寓意有多麼清晰，那顯然是在撒謊。

Nevertheless, what he tells us is intermittently fascinating, wise, and surprisingly useful.

儘管如此，他告訴我們的東西時常令人著迷，充滿智慧，且出奇地有用。

Despite the extraordinary words and language, in a sense we know a lot of it already. 講解

拋開那些離奇的用詞和語言不談，在某種意義上我們其實已經懂了很多。

We merely need reminding and emboldening to take it seriously, 片語搭配

我們只是需要被提醒，需要被鼓勵去認真對待它，

which the odd prose style helps us to do.

而那種古怪的行文風格恰恰能幫助我們做到這一點。

We know in our hearts that it's time to overcome our Geworfenheit,

我們在內心深處明白，是時候克服我們的 Geworfenheit（被拋狀態）了，

that we should become more conscious of das Nichts day-to-day,

在日常生活中我們應該更加意識到 das Nichts（虛無）的存在，

and that we owe it to ourselves to escape the clutches of das Gerede for the sake of Eigentlichkeit, 講解

為了 Eigentlichkeit（本真），我們應該擺脫 das Gerede（閒言閒語）的掌控，這也是我們欠自己的，

with a little help from that graveyard.

同時借助於從墓地得來的一點感悟。