我們應該害怕聊天機器人嗎？⏲️ 6分鐘英語：英語精讀講義

Six Minute English from bbclearningenglish.com.

來自 bbclearningenglish.com 的六分鐘英語。

Hello, this is Six Minute English from BBC Learning English.

大家好，這是 BBC 英語教學的六分鐘英語。

I'm Neil.

我是尼爾（Neil）。

And I'm Rob.

我是羅布（Rob）。

Now, I'm sure most of us have interacted with a chatbot. 片語搭配

我想我們大多數人都曾和聊天機器人互動過。

These are bits of computer technology that respond to text with text 片語搭配

這些電腦技術能用文字回覆文字，

or respond to your voice.

或者回應你的語音。

You ask it a question and usually it comes up with an answer. 片語動詞

你問它一個問題，它通常會給出一個答案。

Yes, it's almost like talking to another human. 文法

是的，這就好像是在和另一個人說話。

But of course, it's not.

但當然，並非如此。

It's just a clever piece of technology.

它只是一項聰明的技術。

It's becoming more sophisticated, 用詞

它正變得越來越精密，

more advanced and complex.

越來越先進和複雜。

But could they replace real human interaction altogether? 片語搭配

但它們能完全取代真實的人類互動嗎？

We'll discuss that more in a moment

我們稍後會詳細討論，

and find out if chatbots really think for themselves. 講解

並看看聊天機器人是否真的會獨立思考。

But first,

但首先，

I have a question for you, Rob.

我有一個問題要問你，Rob。

The first computer program that allowed some kind of plausible conversation 用詞

第一個能夠讓人類和機器之間

between humans and machines was invented in 1966.

進行某種合理對話的電腦程式發明於 1966 年。

But what was it called?

但它叫什麼名字呢？

Was it A, Alexa,

是 A，Alexa，

B, Eliza,

B，Eliza，

or C, Parry?

還是 C，Parry？

Uh, well, it's not Alexa.

嗯，不是 Alexa。

That's too new.

那太新了。

So, I'll guess C,

所以我猜是 C，

Parry.

Parry。

I'll reveal the answer at the end of the program. 表達脈絡

我會在節目的最後揭曉答案。

Now, the old chatbots of the 1960s and 70s

在 20 世紀 60 年代和 70 年代的老式聊天機器人

were quite basic.

相當基礎。

But more recently, 表達脈絡

但最近，

the technology is able to predict the next word that is likely to be used in a sentence. 文法

這項技術能夠預測句子中可能使用的下一個詞。

And it learns words and sentence structures.

並且它會學習單字和句子結構。

Hmm, it's clever stuff.

嗯，這東西很聰明。

I've experienced using them when talking to my bank

我在和銀行聯繫的時候，

or when I have problems trying to book a ticket on a website. 片語搭配

或者在網站上訂票遇到問題的時候，體驗過使用它們。

I no longer phone a human. 文法

我不再打電話給真人了。

I speak to a virtual assistant instead. 用詞

取而代之的是，我和虛擬助手說話。

Probably the most well-known chatbot at the moment 片語搭配

目前最著名的聊天機器人可能

is ChatGTP.

是 ChatGTP。

It is.

確實是。

The claim is that it's able to answer anything you ask it. 表達脈絡

據說它能夠回答你問的任何問題。

This includes writing students' essays.

這包括幫學生寫論文。

Now, this is something that was discussed

這是曾在

on the BBC Radio 4 program Word of Mouth. 文化背景

BBC 廣播 4 台的《Word of Mouth》節目中討論過的一個話題。

Emily M. Bender,

艾蜜莉·M·班德（Emily M. Bender），

professor of computational linguistics at the University of Washington, 用詞

華盛頓大學計算語言學教授，

explained why it's dangerous

解釋了為什麼總是

to always trust what a chatbot is telling us. 文法

相信聊天機器人的話是危險的。

We tend to react to grammatical, fluent, coherent-seeming text 講解

我們往往會對符合語法、流暢、看似連貫的文本

as authoritative and reliable and valuable.

作權威、可靠和有價值的反應。

And we need to be on guard against that 片語搭配

我們需要對此保持警惕，

because what's coming out of ChatGTP is none of that. 講解

因為 ChatGTP 輸出的內容根本不是那樣的。

So, Professor Bender says that well-written text that is coherent,

所以，班德教授說，連貫且寫得好的文本，

that means it's clear, carefully considered and sensible,

這意味著它清晰、經過深思熟慮且合情合理，

makes us think what we are reading is reliable 文法

讓我們認為自己正在閱讀的內容是可靠

and authoritative.

和權威的。

So, it's respected, accurate,

也就是受人尊敬的、準確的，

and important-sounding. 用詞

聽起來很重要的。

Yes, chatbots might appear to write in this way, 文法

是的，聊天機器人似乎是以這種方式寫作的，

but really they are just predicting one word after another 片語搭配

但實際上它們只是

based on what they have learned. 文法

根據它們所學到的內容逐詞預測。

We should therefore be on guard,

因此我們應該保持警惕（on guard），

be careful and alert about the accuracy of what we're being told.

對被告知內容的準確性保持小心和機警。

One concern is that chatbots, a form of artificial intelligence, 用詞

一個隱憂是，聊天機器人作為一種人工智慧，

work a bit like a human brain 表達脈絡

其運作原理有點像人腦，

in the way it can learn and process information.

它們都能學習和處理資訊。

They're able to learn from experience, 片語搭配

它們能夠從經驗中學習，

something called deep learning. 用詞

這被稱為深度學習。

A cognitive psychologist and computer scientist called Geoffrey Hinton

一位名叫傑佛瑞·辛頓（Geoffrey Hinton）的認知心理學家和電腦科學家

recently said he feared that chatbots

最近表示，他擔心聊天機器人

could soon overtake the level of information that a human brain holds. 用詞

可能很快會超過人腦所掌握的資訊量。

That's a bit scary, isn't it? 語氣意圖

這有點嚇人，不是嗎？

Hmm, but for now, 表達脈絡

嗯，但就目前而言，

chatbots can be useful for practical information.

聊天機器人在提供實用資訊方面還是很有用的。

But sometimes, we start to believe they are human

但有時，我們開始相信它們是人類，

and we interact with them in a human-like way. 片語搭配

並以類似人類的方式與它們互動。

This can make us believe them even more. 文法

這會讓我們更加相信它們。

Professor Emma Bender, speaking on the BBC's Word of Mouth program,

艾瑪·班德（Emma Bender）教授在 BBC 的《Word of Mouth》節目中發言時，

explains why we might feel like that.

解釋了我們為什麼會有這種感覺。

I think what's going on there is 片語搭配

我認為這裡的情況是，

the kinds of answers you get

你得到的答案類型

depend on the questions you put in. 片語動詞

取決於你輸入的問題。

Because it's doing likely next word, 用詞

因為它在做的是『最可能的下一個詞』，

likely next word.

『最可能的下一個詞』。

And so,

所以，

if as the human interacting with this machine,

如果你作為與這台機器互動的人類，

you start asking it questions about how do you feel,

開始問它問題，比如『你感覺怎麼樣，

you know, chatbot?

聊天機器人？』

And what do you think of this?

『你對這件事怎麼看？』

And what are your goals?

還有『你的目標是什麼？』

You can provoke it to say things 用詞

你可以誘導它說出

that sound like what a sentient entity would say. 文法

聽起來像是一個有感知能力的實體會說的話。

We are really primed to imagine a mind behind language 慣用語

我們真的傾向於一遇到語言

whenever we encounter language.

就去想像語言背後有一個心智。

And so,

因此，

we really have to account for that 片語動詞

在對這些事物做決定時，

when we're making decisions about these.

我們必須考慮到這一點。

So, although a chatbot might sound human, 文法

所以，儘管聊天機器人聽起來像人類，

we really just ask it things to get a reaction. 片語搭配

我們真的只是通過問它事情來獲得反應。

We provoke it.

我們誘導（provoke）它。

And it answers only with words it's learned to use before,

它只用以前學過的詞來回答，

not because it has come up with a clever answer.

而不是因為想出了什麼絕妙的答案。

But it does sound like a sentient entity. 用詞

但它聽起來確實像一個有感知的實體。

Sentient describes a living thing

有感知的（sentient）描述的是

that experiences feelings.

體驗情感的生物。

As Professor Bender says,

正如班德教授所說，

we imagine that when something speaks,

我們想像當有什麼東西在說話時，

there is a mind behind it.

背後就存在一個心智。

But, sorry, Neil,

但是，對不起，Neil，

they are not your friend. 語氣意圖

它們不是你的朋友。

They're just machines.

它們只是機器。

Yes, it's strange then that we sometimes give chatbots names.

是的，奇怪的是我們有時還會給聊天機器人起名字。

Alexa, Siri.

Alexa，Siri。

And earlier,

之前，

I asked you what the name was for the first ever chatbot. 片語搭配

我問你世界上第一個聊天機器人叫什麼名字。

And I guessed it was Parry.

我猜是 Parry。

Was I right?

我對了嗎？

You guessed wrong,

你猜錯了，

I'm afraid. 語氣意圖

恐怕。

Parry was an early form of chatbot 片語搭配

Parry 是早期的一種聊天機器人，

from 1972.

來自 1972 年。

But the correct answer was Eliza.

但正確答案是 Eliza。

It was considered to be the first chatterbot, as it was called then, 用詞

它被認為是當時所謂的第一個喋喋不休的機器人（chatterbot），

and was developed by Joseph Weizenbaum

由約瑟夫·魏岑鮑姆（Joseph Weizenbaum）

at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

在麻省理工學院開發。

Fascinating stuff. 語氣意圖

真是有趣。

Okay, now let's recap some of the vocabulary we highlighted in this program, 表達脈絡

好了，現在讓我們回顧一下這檔節目中重點提到的一些詞彙，

starting with sophisticated,

從『複雜的、精密的（sophisticated）』開始，

which can describe technology that is advanced and complex.

它可以形容先進且複雜的技術。

Something that is coherent is clear,

連貫的（coherent）事物是清晰的、

carefully considered and sensible.

經過深思熟慮且合理的。

Authoritative means respected,

權威的（authoritative）意味著受尊敬、

accurate,

準確

and important-sounding.

和聽起來很重要的。

When you are on guard,

當你在警戒（on guard）時，

you must be careful and alert about something.

你必須對某些事情小心機警。

It could be the accuracy of what you see or hear,

這可能是你所看或所聽內容的準確性，

or just being aware of the dangers around you.

或者只是意識到你周圍的危險。

To provoke means to do something

誘導、激起（provoke）意思是做一些事情，

that causes a reaction from someone.

引起某人的反應。

Sentient describes something

有感知的（sentient）描述的是

that experiences feelings.

能夠體驗情感的生物。

So,

所以，

it's something that is living.

它是某種有生命的東西。

Once again,

再一次，

our six minutes are up. 片語動詞

我們的六分鐘到了。

Goodbye.

再見。

Bye for now.

回頭見。

Six Minute English

六分鐘英語

from bbclearningenglish.com.

來自 bbclearningenglish.com。