為什麼笨蛋意識不到自己有多笨？：英語精讀講義

Ever met someone who was so extremely dumb that they don't know how stupid they actually are? 文法

你有沒有遇過那種超級蠢，卻不知道自己到底有多蠢的人？

Ever tried to explain a new concept to someone who clearly doesn't get it? 片語搭配

你有沒有試過向一個明顯聽不懂的人解釋一個新概念？

Well, you're not alone. 語氣意圖

好吧，你不孤單。

Researchers have come up with a theory that explains why the less we know about something, 講解

研究人員提出了一個理論，解釋了為什麼我們對某件事了解得越少，

the more confident we are in our ability to master it.

我們就越有信心去掌握它。

So, there's a term for Dumb and Dumber?

所以，「阿呆與阿瓜」也有專屬名詞了？

Yes, and it is more common than you might think.

是的，而且這比你想像的更常見。

Join us today as we explore the avenues of dumbness

歡迎今天加入我們，一起探索愚蠢的種種表現，

in this episode of The Infographics Show,

在本集《The Infographics Show》中，

What is the Dunning-Kruger effect? 文化背景

什麼是鄧寧-克魯格效應（Dunning-Kruger effect）？

Named after Cornell University researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger, 片語搭配

鄧寧-克魯格效應以康乃爾大學研究人員David Dunning和Justin Kruger的名字命名，

the Dunning-Kruger effect is a condition in the field of psychology

它是心理學領域的一種現象，

where an intellectually challenged individual fails to adequately assess the extent of their own intelligence 片語搭配

指智力水平較低的個體無法準確評估自身的智力程度

or lack thereof. 片語搭配

或智力缺失。

Armed with an unhealthy bias of illusory superiority, 講解

由於帶有虛幻優越感這種不健康的偏見，

these low-ability people cannot objectively evaluate their own mental shortcomings.

這些低能力人群無法客觀地評估自身的思維缺陷。

In other words, they are too stupid to know how stupid they are. 講解

換句話說，他們太蠢了，以至於不知道自己有多蠢。

In a 1999 study,

在1999年的一項名為

Unskilled and Unaware of It,

《無能與無知》的研究中，

Dunning and Kruger studied the criminal case of MacArthur Wheeler,

Dunning和Kruger研究了MacArthur Wheeler的刑事案件，

a bank robber who disguised himself by covering his face with lemon juice. 文法

這是一名用檸檬汁塗滿臉部來偽裝自己的銀行搶劫犯。

His rationale being that the chemical properties of lemon juice are used in invisible ink,

他的理由是，隱形墨水用到了檸檬汁的化學特性，

therefore should render him invisible to the bank security cameras. 文法

因此這應該能讓他在銀行監視器前隱形。

An easy enough mistake, 文法

這是一個很容易犯的錯誤，

and one that cost him his freedom. 片語搭配

卻讓他失去了自由。

After he was easily caught by the cops,

在他輕易被警察抓住後，

the wannabe thief was shown the video surveillance footage of himself robbing the banks.

警方給這個自命不凡的小偷看了他搶劫銀行的監視器畫面。

Genuinely surprised that his plan hadn't worked, 文法

Wheeler對自己的計畫竟然沒有奏效感到極其驚訝，

Wheeler was without the required mental capabilities to figure out the gap in his own reasoning. 片語動詞

他缺乏必要的心理能力來發現自己推理中的漏洞。

Other investigations followed,

隨後又進行了其他調查，

and the Dunning-Kruger's 2003 paper,

鄧寧和克魯格在2003年的論文

Why do people fail to recognize their own incompetence,

《為什麼人們無法認識到自己的無能》中，

observes the following:

觀察到了以下現象：

Successful negotiation of everyday life would seem to require people to possess insight about deficiencies in their intellectual and social skills. 講解

成功應對日常生活的方方面面，似乎需要人們對自己在智力和社交技能上的缺陷有所認知。

However, people tend to be blissfully unaware of their incompetence. 片語搭配

然而，人們往往對自己毫無能力這一事實幸福地渾然不覺。

This lack of awareness arises because poor performers are doubly cursed. 慣用語

這種缺乏認知的現象之所以出現，是因為表現不佳的人受到了雙重詛咒。

Their lack of skill deprives them not only of the ability to produce correct responses, 文法

他們技能的缺失不僅剝奪了他們做出正確反應的能力，

but also of the expertise necessary to surmise that they are not producing them.

也剝奪了他們推斷自己未能做出正確反應所需的專業知識。

People base their perceptions of performance,

人們對表現的認知，

in part, on their preconceived notions about their skills. 片語搭配

部分基於他們對自己技能的先入為主的觀念。

A good example of the Dunning-Kruger effect in action would be the early audition rounds of a talent show open to the fame-crazy public.

鄧寧-克魯格效應在實際中的一個好例子，就是向渴望出名的公眾開放的選秀節目的早期海選。

British pop star wannabe Warren Wald became a mini celebrity 用詞

夢想成為英國流行歌手的Warren Wald成了一個小明星，

when he auditioned for the show Pop Idol in 2003 文化背景

當他在2003年參加《流行偶像》（Pop Idol）節目海選時，

with a rendition of the 1980s track Eye of the Tiger. 片語搭配

演唱了20世紀80年代的歌曲《Eye of the Tiger》。

He sang the song so badly that the public adored him. 文法

他唱得實在太難聽了，以至於大眾對他喜愛有加。

Warren, who led a simple life,

原本過著簡單生活的Warren，

suddenly became a tabloid newspaper sensation.

突然成了八卦小報轟動一時的人物。

He gave interviews on television and radio,

他接受了電視和廣播的採訪，

and the YouTube clip of him singing went viral. 慣用語

他唱歌的YouTube影片也在網路上瘋傳。

Warren had no apparent idea just how badly he sang 文法

Warren顯然不知道自己唱得有多難聽，

until the nature of his fame came to light. 慣用語

直到他出名的真相大白。

When the penny dropped, 慣用語

當他恍然大悟時，

Warren realized he was being celebrated for his guts and determination 用詞

Warren意識到人們之所以追捧他，是因為他的勇氣和決心，

rather than his promise as a vocalist. 用詞

而不是他作為歌手的潛力。

His singing career is currently on hold. 慣用語

他的歌唱事業目前處於停滯狀態。

The public does have a tendency to champion underdogs, 用詞

大眾確實有支持弱者的傾向，

and this tends to reinforce the Dunning-Kruger effect.

而這往往會強化鄧寧-克魯格效應。

Studies have shown that the Dunning-Kruger effect is not limited to the mentally challenged. 用詞

研究表明，鄧寧-克魯格效應並不侷限於智力有缺陷的人。

High-performing individuals can also overestimate their abilities.

表現優異的人同樣可能高估自己的能力。

In fact, most of us do it a lot of the time.

事實上，我們大多數人經常這樣做。

The way to break out of the habit 片語動詞

想要打破這種習慣，

takes bravery and a level of humility that is uncommon in most people.

需要大多數人所不具備的勇氣和一定程度的謙遜。

We have to ask for feedback from a trusted source

我們必須向值得信賴的人尋求回饋，

and be prepared for an honest response.

並做好接受誠實回答的準備。

So, if you feel you have a talent for singing,

所以，如果你覺得自己在唱歌方面有天賦，

perhaps test your theory on a few honest people before appearing on national television.

也許在登上全國電視螢幕前，先找幾個誠實的人驗證一下你的推論。

What we now call the Dunning-Kruger effect 文法

我們現在所說的鄧寧-克魯格效應，

is what the scientists used to call metacognition,

就是科學家們過去所說的後設認知，

thinking about thinking.

即「對思考的思考」。

Perhaps the less we know about a topic and the simpler it appears,

也許我們對某個話題了解得越少，它看起來越簡單，

the easier it is to ascribe some sort of understanding of it.

我們就越容易認為自己懂了。

We must be careful.

我們必須小心。

We could well be one of the many Dunning-Kruger sufferers 文法

我們很可能就是眾多鄧寧-克魯格效應患者中的一員，

walking around blissfully ignorant of our ignorance. 表達脈絡

幸福地無視著自己的無知而四處遊蕩。

So, what's the dumbest thing you've watched somebody do?

那麼，你見過別人做過最蠢的事是什麼？

Were they aware they were doing it,

他們意識到自己在做蠢事了嗎？

or were they blissfully ignorant?

還是幸福地處於無知中？

Let us know in the comments.

請在留言區告訴我們。

Also, be sure to check out our other video called What are the signs that you are a psychopath?

另外，一定要去看看我們的另一支影片《精神病態者有哪些跡象？》。

Thanks for watching,

感謝收看，

and as always,

像往常一樣，

don't forget to like, share, and subscribe.

別忘了按讚、分享和訂閱。

See you next time.

我們下次見。