你有殺人的潛質嗎？：英語精讀講義

Murder has inspired documentaries, podcasts, and even games.

謀殺案成了紀錄片、Podcast，甚至遊戲的靈感來源。

But our obsession with these stories got us wondering, 文法

但我們對這些故事的著迷，也讓我們不禁思考，

are there certain traits or factors that make somebody more likely to kill someone? 文法

是否有某些特徵或因素，會讓一個人更有可能殺人？

And are you capable of murder? 片語搭配

而你有可能犯下謀殺嗎？

To start,

首先，

have you ever thought about it before?

你以前想過殺人嗎？

Well,

這個嘛，

this isn't actually that meaningful because it's so common.

其實這不太能說明什麼，因為這種念頭太常見了。

A survey of almost a thousand students found that

一項針對近千名學生的調查發現，

76% of women and 91% of men

76%的女性和91%的男性

reported having one vivid and memorable homicidal thought. 文法

表示自己曾有過一次清晰又難忘的殺人念頭。

In fact,

事實上，

other reports show men may have roughly 10 murder fantasies

其他報告顯示，男性可能有過大約10次殺人幻想，

and women three in the past year.

而女性在過去一年內有3次。

Is your heart beating fast right now?

你現在心跳很快嗎？

Then you're probably safe.

那你大概是安全的。

A study of 710,000 men had their resting heart rate measured 文法

一項針對71萬名男性的研究測量了他們的靜止心率，

when they were 18 years old as part of a military service test.

測量是在他們18歲接受兵役檢查時進行的。

In the decades that followed, 表達脈絡

在接下來的幾十年間，

the men with the lowest resting heart rates were 39% more likely 文法

靜止心率最低的男性犯下暴力罪行的可能性

than the high resting heart rate group to commit a violent crime.

比靜止心率較高的那組高出39%。

Additionally,

此外，

a separate study found that a low heart rate was linked to stalking behavior.

另一項研究發現，低心率與跟蹤騷擾行為有關。

A study of murderers who plead not guilty by reason of a mental disorder 文化背景

在一項針對以精神障礙為由提出無罪抗辯的殺人犯的研究中，

had their brain scans compared to age and sex-matched controls. 用詞

研究人員將他們的腦部掃描結果與年齡和性別相符的對照組進行比較。

Turns out, they did have lower activity in the prefrontal cortex, 講解

結果發現，他們的前額葉皮質活動確實較低，

which makes sense as it's involved in decision making

這也說得通，因為前額葉皮質參與決策，

and moderating social behavior.

並負責調節社會行為。

They also found higher activity in the limbic system,

研究還發現，他們的邊緣系統活動較高，

which is the part of the brain more likely to generate pure emotion

這部分大腦更容易產生純粹的情緒，

like anger and reduced self-control.

例如憤怒，並導致自制力下降。

Or maybe you carry the warrior gene. 文化背景

又或者，你身上帶有「戰士基因」。

Another name for the MAO-A gene or monoamine oxidase,

這是MAO-A基因，也就是單胺氧化酶基因的另一個名稱，

and it's a gene that we all carry,

而這種基因每個人都有，

but some of us, approximately 33%,

但我們之中大約有33%的人

carry a variant that is linked with aggression.

帶有一種與攻擊性有關的基因變異。

Now, all these factors make a case for nature over nurture, 講解

這些因素似乎都支持「先天比後天更重要」的觀點，

but of course, environment plays a role as well.

但環境當然也會發揮作用。

Having this warrior gene variant does not necessarily mean you will be more aggressive. 文法

帶有這種戰士基因變異，並不一定代表你會更具攻擊性。

But having this variant in combination with environmental factors 片語搭配

但如果這種變異與環境因素同時存在，

such as suffering abuse increases your odds.

例如曾遭受虐待，你出現攻擊行為的機率就會增加。

Further studies have found that 68% of serial killers

進一步的研究發現，68%的連環殺手

received some type of childhood abuse,

童年時都曾遭受某種形式的虐待，

which is a much higher rate than normal.

這個比例遠高於一般水準。

Violence and aggression is related to a poor diet,

暴力和攻擊性與不良飲食有關，

particularly a lack of omega-3 fatty acid.

尤其與缺乏Omega-3脂肪酸有關。

A double-blind study found this fatty acid could reduce violent offenses 講解

一項雙盲研究發現，這種脂肪酸可以減少暴力違規行為，

by 37% in prison inmates.

在監獄受刑人中，降幅達到37%。

Also, stay safe on Sundays.

另外，週日也要注意安全。

A CDC report concluded that this is the most popular day for murders. 用詞

美國疾病管制與預防中心（CDC）的一份報告指出，週日是謀殺案發生最多的一天。

Of course, violence does not equal homicide, 用詞

當然，暴力不等於殺人，

but if we are looking for a predictor in the makings of a murderer, 慣用語

但如果我們想找出一個人可能成為殺人犯的預測因素，

we have to investigate a person's prior incidences. 用詞

就必須調查這個人過去是否有過相關行為。

One analysis found that over half of the women murdered in the US

一項分析發現，在美國遇害的女性中，超過一半

were killed by a current or former partner,

是被現任或前任伴侶殺害的，

and about a third of the male killers were known to be a potential threat

而男性兇手中，約有三分之一在攻擊發生前

ahead of the attack.

就已經被認為可能構成威脅。

Another study found that prior non-fatal strangulation of a partner

另一項研究發現，伴侶先前曾遭受未致命的勒頸

was associated with a seven-times increased risk of homicide, 講解

與日後被殺的風險增加至7倍有關，

which leads to another glaring factor.

這也帶出了另一個顯而易見的因素。

If you are a man,

如果你是男性，

you are more likely to murder.

你殺人的可能性更高。

Though women make up half of the population, 片語動詞

儘管女性佔總人口的一半，

they commit only 14.7% of murders.

她們犯下的謀殺案卻只佔14.7%。

But why?

但為什麼？

Committing murder is risky and can have severe costs,

殺人風險很高，也可能讓人付出慘重代價，

such as not having access to your kids.

例如再也無法見到自己的孩子。

A study on child survival in 28 populations around the world

一項研究探討了全球28個族群中的兒童存活情況，

over three centuries found that losing your mother

涵蓋三個世紀的資料，並發現失去母親

can significantly reduce a child's chances of survival,

會大幅降低孩子的生存機率，

but this is not the case for losing a father. 片語搭配

但失去父親則不會如此。

As a result,

因此，

some hypothesize that from the perspective of passing on your genes, 片語動詞

有人推測，從傳遞自身基因的角度來看，

women have more at stake if they are guilty of homicide. 慣用語

如果女性犯下謀殺，她們要付出的代價更大。

But why murder at all?

但人究竟為什麼要殺人？

Though controversial, 表達脈絡

儘管這種觀點有爭議，

some scientists argue that throughout our evolutionary history,

一些科學家認為，縱觀人類的演化史，

the benefits of murder often outweigh the cost, 慣用語

殺人帶來的好處往往超過其代價，

suggesting that murder is an evolutionary strategy.

這表示殺人是一種演化策略。

In fact,

事實上，

a study of over 4 million recorded deaths

一項研究分析了有紀錄的400多萬起死亡事件，

from over a thousand different species of mammals

這些事件涉及1000多種不同的哺乳動物，

found that lethal violence increased with evolution

結果發現，致命暴力會隨著演化而增加，

and that primates, including humans,

而且包括人類在內的靈長類動物

are six times more likely to murder their own species

殺死自己同類的可能性

than other animals.

是其他動物的6倍。

Of course,

當然，

our rate of murder has decreased dramatically since the medieval period, 文法

自中世紀以來，我們的謀殺率已大幅下降。

which is often considered to be the most violent,

中世紀通常被認為是暴力最嚴重的時期，

at which time 12% of all recorded deaths were attributed to murder. 講解

當時，所有有紀錄的死亡中有12%被歸因於謀殺。

Compare that to today,

相比之下，如今

where the rate is only 1.33%.

這個比例只有1.33%。

Of course,

當然，

33% of murders go unsolved, 片語搭配

有33%的謀殺案沒有偵破，

which is scary.

這很可怕。

And with today's AI technology,

再加上如今的AI技術，

the idea of what is real or who did what becomes more difficult to discern. 文法

要判斷什麼是真實的、誰做了什麼，變得越來越困難。

We have a new video that looks at some of the most convincing deepfakes 文化背景

我們有一支新影片，盤點了一些最以假亂真的深度偽造內容，

to see whether or not you can tell when something is real 文法

看看你能不能分辨某樣東西究竟是真實的，

or created by artificial intelligence.

還是由人工智慧製作的。

You can click here to watch the video.

你可以點這裡觀看影片。

It's super freaky

真的超詭異，

and so many people in the comments of that video said they got all of them wrong.

而且那支影片的留言區有好多人說，他們全都猜錯了。

Thanks so much for watching.

非常感謝收看。

Make sure you subscribe to this channel for new videos every Thursday,

記得訂閱這個頻道，每週四都有新影片，

and we'll see you next week for some more science.

我們下週再見，繼續探索更多科學知識。

See you.

再見。