人類歷史上最慘無人道的監獄實驗：英語精讀講義

The United States has the largest prison population per capita in the world behind the Seychelles, 片語搭配

美國的人均監獄人口位居世界第二，僅次於塞席爾，

but in terms of inmates, 片語搭配

但就囚犯總數而言，

the tiny island nation has nothing on the US. 慣用語

這個小島國根本無法與美國相提並論。

According to Prison Policy,

根據監獄政策倡議組織的數據，

in total,

總的來說，

if you include all the various forms of detention such as prisons,

如果把所有形式的拘留場所，如監獄、

jails, juvenile correctional facilities, and more,

看守所、少管所等都包括在內，

there are currently about 2.3 million Americans behind bars. 慣用語

目前大約有230萬美國人在服刑。

Violence, property crimes, drugs,

暴力、財產犯罪、毒品，

and public order offenses are why most of those prisoners are doing time. 講解

以及破壞公共秩序罪是大多數囚犯入獄的原因。

What goes on in US prisons is also a matter of ongoing controversy, 講解

美國監獄裡發生的事情也是一個持續爭議的話題，

often depicted in movies and documentaries,

經常在電影和紀錄片中被描繪，

but the atrocities of the past in those prisons and prisons all over the world are even more shocking.

但過去在這些監獄乃至世界各地監獄裡發生的暴行更令人震驚。

That's what we'll look at today in this episode of the Infographics Show,

這就是我們在今天這期The Infographics Show中要探討的內容，

worst prison experiments conducted on humans.

在人類身上進行的最糟糕的監獄實驗。

Don't forget to subscribe and click the bell button so that you can be part of a notification squad.

別忘了訂閱並點擊小鈴鐺按鈕，這樣你就能成為通知小分隊的一員。

Perhaps the worst of all nightmares is being surgically experimented on by a ruthless physician.

也許最糟糕的噩夢就是被一個冷酷無情的醫生拿來做外科實驗。

Such a narrative has been a mainstay in sci-fi and horror fiction for some time, 用詞

一段時間以來，這種情節一直是科幻和恐怖小說的主流，

with recent examples being Deadpool and before that the Human Centipede.

最近的例子有《死侍》，以及之前的《人形蜈蚣》。

These ideas didn't come out of nowhere. 慣用語

這些想法並非憑空出現。

Indeed, we might look back at an American doctor and eugenicist called Leo Stanley.

事實上，我們可以回顧一下一位名叫Leo Stanley的美國醫生兼優生學家。

He was the chief surgeon at California's San Quentin State Prison from 1913 to 1951.

從1913年到1951年，他是加州聖昆丁州立監獄的首席外科醫生。

As a believer in eugenics, 文化背景

作為優生學的信徒，

the principle that we can be improved by controlled breeding and modifying the body,

也就是認為我們可以透過控制生育和改造身體來完善人類的原則，

he started off at the prison by sterilizing all the men he considered beyond redemption. 講解

他在監獄裡開始對所有他認為無可救藥的男性進行絕育。

That was the least of it. 慣用語

那還只是最輕微的。

He also believed he could make an old prisoner more virile by implanting the testicles of young men that had been executed into older inmates. 文法

他還相信，透過將死刑犯的睪丸移植到老年囚犯體內，他可以讓老囚犯變得更強壯。

It didn't really work,

這其實沒什麼用，

but he carried on, 片語動詞

但他還是繼續做，

only with not enough dead men's nuts,

只是死人的睪丸不夠用了，

he turned to using the glands of rams, boars, and goats on thousands of inmates. 片語動詞

他轉而在數千名囚犯身上使用公羊、公豬和公山羊的腺體。

Such surgical experiments might make us wince, 文法

這樣的外科實驗也許會讓我們不寒而慄，

but far worse was done with disease.

但更糟糕的是疾病實驗。

One such case started in 1956 and went on for 14 years, 片語動詞

其中一個案例始於1956年，持續了14年，

during which researchers took mentally disabled children from Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, New York,

在此期間，研究人員從紐約史泰登島的Willowbrook州立學校找來智障兒童，

and purposely gave them viral hepatitis.

並故意讓他們感染病毒性肝炎。

The kids were given food contaminated with the feces of infected persons,

孩子們被餵食了被感染者糞便污染的食物，

which the doctors had told parents amounted to a vaccination. 片語動詞

醫生告訴家長這就相當於打疫苗。

This wasn't true,

這不是真的，

and the case goes down as an immoral experiment to find a treatment for the disease. 片語動詞

這個案例作為一個尋找該疾病治療方法的不道德實驗被載入史冊。

While this is not strictly a prison experiment,

雖然嚴格來說這不是監獄實驗，

the children were for all intents and purposes in detention. 慣用語

但這些兒童在很大程度上處於被拘禁的狀態。

If not for medical science,

如果不是為了醫學，

then prisoners have been used in military experiments.

那麼囚犯還被用於軍事實驗。

One such experiment happened over a period of 20 years in the 1950s and 70s

其中一項實驗發生在20世紀50年代到70年代這20年間，

at the now infamous and closed down Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia.

地點在費城如今臭名昭彰且已關閉的Holmesburg監獄。

The prison became notorious for its perfume experiments, 片語搭配

該監獄因其「香水實驗」而聲名狼藉，

a name the prisoners gave the experiments,

這是囚犯們給這些實驗起的名字，

but was also known for mind control experiments.

但它也因精神控制實驗而聞名。

Using mostly black prisoners,

主要使用黑人囚犯，

scientists at the University of Pennsylvania worked with the Dow Chemical Company,

賓夕法尼亞大學的科學家與陶氏化學公司、

the US Army, and Johnson and Johnson,

美國陸軍以及強生公司合作，

performed a series of tests by injecting them with powerful toxic chemicals

進行了一系列測試，給他們注射劇毒化學物質，

in order to see how the skin reacts to them. 文法

以便觀察皮膚對它們的反應。

Toxins were also added to prisoners' toothpaste, deodorant, shampoo, skin creams, and other products.

毒素還被加入囚犯的牙膏、除臭劑、洗髮精、護膚霜和其他產品中。

Many of the prisoners became very sick

許多囚犯病得很重，

and many had painful and horrific-looking skin conditions.

許多人患上了痛苦且看起來很恐怖的皮膚病。

It's thought nine out of 10 prisoners were tested on. 文法

據說十分之九的囚犯都被當作了試驗品。

One of the chilling facts from this time is what the leading scientist said when he first walked into the prison and realized how perfect it would be for testing.

這個時期最令人毛骨悚然的事實之一，是首席科學家第一次走進監獄，並意識到那裡做測試有多完美時所說的話。

"All I saw before me were acres of skin. 慣用語

"我眼前看到的只有成片的皮膚。

It was like a farmer seeing a fertile field for the first time," he said.

就像農夫第一次看到肥沃的田地一樣，"他說。

If that wasn't bad enough, 表達脈絡

如果這還不夠糟糕，

many inmates were also given LSD in mind control experiments.

許多囚犯還在精神控制實驗中被餵食了LSD。

One of these psychological experiments involved a substance known as EA3167.

其中一項心理學實驗涉及一種被稱為EA3167的物質。

The drug, used in chemical warfare,

這種用於化學戰的藥物，

is said to cause delirium and other psychotic behavior lasting from three to four days with subsequent amnesia. 文法

據說會引起持續三到四天的譫妄和其他精神病行為，並伴隨隨後的健忘症。

While it's thought such methods are on their way out, 慣用語

雖然人們認為這些方法正在被淘汰，

former detainees of the USA's notorious detention center at Guantanamo Bay have reported that they too were experimented on with mind-altering drugs. 講解

但美國在關塔那摩灣臭名昭彰的拘留中心的前被拘留者報告說，他們也被用於精神致幻藥物的實驗。

We will now turn our focus away from the USA and towards Germany. 表達脈絡

現在我們將把注意力從美國轉向德國。

Detailing Nazi atrocities would be a show in itself, 慣用語

詳細描述納粹的暴行本身就可以做成一期節目，

so we will talk about perhaps the worst of the worst regarding experiments performed on prisoners in concentration camps. 慣用語

所以我們將談論集中營中對囚犯進行的也許是最糟糕的實驗。

Again, it is the surgical experiments that make the skin crawl the most. 慣用語

同樣，最讓人毛骨悚然的還是外科實驗。

Some of these were conducted by Nazi scientist Josef Mengele, 文化背景

其中一些是由納粹科學家Josef Mengele進行的，

who it is said during 1943 and 1944 performed experiments on almost 1,500 twins in the camps.

據說他在1943年至1944年間，在集中營裡對近1500對雙胞胎進行了實驗。

Twins were initially saved from the gas chamber so the doctor could conduct his tests in the name of eugenics. 片語搭配

雙胞胎最初從毒氣室中被救出，以便醫生能夠以優生學的名義進行測試。

Stories differ on what he actually did, 表達脈絡

關於他到底做了什麼，說法不一，

but according to the BBC, he would sometimes take out organs without anesthetic.

但根據BBC的報導，有時他會在沒有麻醉的情況下摘取器官。

The BBC also wrote that he had a collection of human eyes of all different colors stuck to his laboratory wall.

BBC還寫道，他收集了各種顏色的眼球，貼在實驗室的牆上。

He was fascinated with eye color

他對眼睛的顏色很著迷，

and it's said he would inject dye into children's eyes to change the color.

據說他會在孩子們的眼睛裡注射染料以改變顏色。

Adding to the horror and mystery behind the strange case of Dr. Mengele,

讓Dr. Mengele這個奇怪案例更添恐怖和神秘色彩的是，

who, according to some surviving twins,

根據一些倖存的雙胞胎所說，

had a fatherly side to him, 片語搭配

他有慈父般的一面，

there is one story that says he sewed two Gypsy twins together to make them conjoined. 表達脈絡

但有一個故事說，他把兩個吉普賽雙胞胎縫在一起，使他們變成連體嬰。

They lay there died of gangrene,

他們躺在那裡死於壞疽，

it was reported, after spending three days in terrible agony.

據報導，是在經歷了三天的可怕痛苦之後。

Some prisoners were said to have bone, muscle, and nerve transplantation

據說有些囚犯在沒有麻醉的情況下

performed on them without anesthesia.

接受了骨骼、肌肉和神經移植手術。

The Nazis also conducted all kinds of other experiments,

納粹還進行了各種其他實驗，

including freezing prisoners to study hypothermia,

包括冷凍囚犯以研究體溫過低，

infecting them with diseases,

讓他們感染疾病，

poisoning them, and burning them alive.

毒死他們，以及活活燒死他們。

Japan also has a dark past involving its treatment of prisoners of war. 講解

日本在對待戰俘方面也有一段黑暗的過去。

Many of the worst atrocities were carried out on American POWs, 片語動詞

許多最嚴重的暴行都發生在美國戰俘身上，

something which has been told in all its lurid detail. 片語搭配

其中的駭人細節都已被講述出來。

In one such article, the Guardian explains that US prisoners were injected with seawater.

《衛報》在一篇這樣的文章中解釋說，美國囚犯被注射了海水。

One man had his lung removed

一個男人的肺被切除了，

and another man had his head drilled into

另一個男人的頭被鑽了個洞，

so doctors could take out some of his brain

以便醫生可以取出他的一些腦組織，

in an effort to better understand epilepsy. 文法

試圖更好地了解癲癇。

It's also reported that one of the soldiers had his liver removed

還有報導稱，一名士兵的肝臟被切除，

for it later to become dinner for Japanese soldiers.

後來成了日本士兵的晚餐。

The charge of cannibalism to the Japanese soldiers was never brought,

然而，由於缺乏證據，

though, due to a lack of evidence. 片語搭配

對日本士兵吃人的指控從未被提出。

According to a Japanese man who was a medical student at the camp,

據營地裡的一名日本醫學生說，

the experiments had no medical value.

這些實驗沒有任何醫學價值。

"They were being used to inflict as cruel a death as possible on the prisoners," said the man. 講解

"這些實驗是為了讓囚犯盡可能死得殘酷，"該男子說。

The Japanese Imperial Army's penchant for torture didn't stop in Japan. 用詞

日本帝國軍隊對酷刑的嗜好並沒有止步於日本。

A research and development center located in China known as Unit 731 文化背景

一個位於中國、被稱為731部隊的研發中心，

was the place where Chinese POWs would experience a kind of hell on Earth. 慣用語

就是中國戰俘經歷人間地獄的地方。

It's now believed that thousands of POWs experienced live vivisection without anesthesia. 用詞

現在人們相信數千名戰俘在沒有麻醉的情況下經歷了活體解剖。

Not only soldiers, 文法

不僅是士兵，

but local women and children had their organs removed in the name of science.

當地的婦女和兒童也被以科學的名義摘除器官。

Most would die.

大多數人都會死。

It's said that other prisoners had their limbs removed so the Japanese could study blood loss,

據說其他囚犯被切除了四肢，以便日本人可以研究失血情況，

and sometimes the doctors would attempt to attach the limbs to the opposite side.

有時醫生還會嘗試將四肢縫合在對側。

The list of cruelties is a long one,

暴行清單很長，

and it's thought thousands of civilians died in the end,

據說最終有成千上萬的平民死亡，

many of whom had been purposely infected with a number of diseases. 文法

其中許多人被故意感染了多種疾病。

Other prisoners were killed when the Japanese were merely testing how well their guns, bombs, and flamethrowers worked. 文法

還有些囚犯在日本人僅僅是為了測試他們的槍枝、炸彈和火焰噴射器的工作情況時被殺害。

Over to Russia and life in a gulag, 講解

轉向俄羅斯和古拉格的生活，

the Russian prison for so-called enemies of the people. 語氣意圖

這個俄羅斯用來關押所謂「人民公敵」的監獄。

One of a number of horrible ways to die in the gulag was to have poisons tested on you. 文法

在古拉格，眾多可怕的死法之一就是在身上測試毒藥。

It's reported that a famous doctor used scores of patients while testing deadly poisons at the gulag's Laboratory 12, 用詞

據報導，一位著名醫生在古拉格的12號實驗室（又名「密室」）測試致命毒藥時，使用了數十名病人。

aka the Chamber. 用詞

這個所謂的「密室」。

Head of the lab, Grigory Mairanovsky,

實驗室負責人Grigory Mairanovsky

was looking for a poison that was tasteless but could kill a man in seconds.

正在尋找一種無味但能在幾秒鐘內致人死亡的毒藥。

It's reported that many of the victims of the Chamber were previously well-respected academics,

據報導，許多「密室」的受害者以前都是備受尊敬的學者、

politicians, and artists.

政治家和藝術家。

Well, that's the end of today's rather macabre show.

好了，今天這期有些恐怖的節目就到此結束了。

Do you think that we, as a civilization, 表達脈絡

你們認為，作為一個文明社會，

have moved past experimenting on prisoners, 片語動詞

我們已經不再對囚犯進行實驗了嗎，

or do you think it's still going on today?

或者你認為今天還在繼續？

Let us know in the comments.

歡迎在留言區告訴我們。

Also, be sure to check out our other video called Most Painful Things a Human Can Experience.

此外，請務必查看我們的另一個影片《人類能經歷的最痛苦的事》。

Thanks for watching,

感謝觀看，

and as always, don't forget to like, share, and subscribe.

像往常一樣，別忘了按讚、分享和訂閱。

See you next time.

我們下次見。