如果我們把太陽帶到地球會發生什麼事？：英語精讀講義

What would happen if you were to bring a tiny piece of the Sun to Earth? 文法

如果把一小塊太陽帶到地球上會發生什麼事？

Short answer, you'd die. 表達脈絡

簡短的回答是，你會死。

Long answer,

詳細的回答是，

it depends which piece of the Sun. 文法

這取決於那是太陽的哪一部分。

Like most of the matter in the universe,

就像宇宙中的大多數物質一樣，

our Sun is neither solid, liquid, or gas, 文法

我們的太陽既不是固體、液體，也不是氣體，

but plasma.

而是電漿。

Plasma is when stuff is so hot that the nuclei and electrons can separate 文法

電漿是指物質熱到原子核和電子可以分離

and flow around freely,

並自由流動，

which creates a goo-like substance.

這就形成了一種黏液狀的物質。

So, you can imagine our Sun as an extremely big spherical ocean of very hot goo. 片語搭配

所以，你可以把太陽想像成一個由極熱黏液組成的、巨大的球形海洋。

The deeper you go, 文法

越往深處走，

the denser and weirder the goo becomes.

黏液就變得越緻密、越奇怪。

So, let's bring three samples,

那麼，讓我們提取三個樣本，

each the size of a house, 文法

每個房子那麼大，

to our lab here on Earth and see what happens.

搬到地球上的實驗室裡，看看會發生什麼。

First sample, the chromosphere.

第一個樣本，色球層。

The chromosphere is the atmosphere of the Sun.

色球層是太陽的大氣層。

A layer of sparse gas

是一層稀薄的氣體，

up to 5,000 km deep

深度可達5000公里，

that's covered in a forest of plasma spikes 慣用語

表面覆蓋著森林般的電漿尖峰，

that can be almost as big as Earth.

這些尖峰差不多有地球那麼大。

It's pretty hot here between 6,000 and 20,000 °C,

這裡非常熱，溫度在6000到20000攝氏度之間，

but if we brought a sample of it to Earth,

但如果我們把它的一塊樣本帶到地球上，

we're not really getting our money's worth. 慣用語

那確實不太值得。

In the area where we take our sample,

在我們提取樣本的區域，

the chromosphere is over a million times less dense than air, 文法

色球層的密度比空氣小一百萬倍以上，

so compared to our atmosphere at sea level,

所以與海平面上的大氣相比，

it's basically the same as bringing the vacuum of space down to Earth.

這基本上等同於把太空的真空帶到了地球上。

The moment our sample arrives, 文法

樣本抵達的那一刻，

it would immediately be crushed by Earth's atmospheric pressure and implode.

它會立即被地球的大氣壓壓碎並發生內爆。

Air would rush to fill the vacuum

空氣會湧入填補真空，

and use as much energy as 12 kg of TNT in the process. 文法

並在這一過程中釋放出相當於12公斤TNT炸藥的能量。

This creates a high-pressure shock wave,

這會產生高壓衝擊波，

which shatters glass, ruptures eardrums,

震碎玻璃、震破耳膜，

and maybe some internal organs.

甚至可能損傷內臟。

If you're standing too close,

如果你站得太近，

it could kill you.

它可能會要了你的命。

So, you'd better keep your distance. 講解

所以，你最好保持距離。

Let's go deeper.

我們再深入一點。

Second sample, the photosphere.

第二個樣本，光球層。

Beneath the chromosphere is the glowing surface of the Sun,

在色球層下方是太陽發光的表面，

the photosphere, which produces the light we see.

也就是光球層，它產生了我們看到的光。

It's covered in a grid

它表面佈滿了網格狀的

of a million hotspots called granules,

一百萬個被稱為「米粒組織」的熱點，

each of them about as big as the United States

每一個都大概有美國那麼大，

and over 5,000°C.

溫度超過5000攝氏度。

These granules are the tops of convective columns,

這些米粒組織是對流柱的頂端，

churning gas that brings the heat up 文法

翻騰的氣體把熱量

from the center of the Sun to its surface.

從太陽中心帶到表面。

In these columns, a few hundred kilometers down,

在這些對流柱中向下幾百公里的地方，

we take our second plasma sample.

我們提取了第二個電漿樣本。

It has about the same pressure as our atmosphere on Earth,

它的壓力跟地球的大氣壓差不多，

though still much less dense than air, 文法

儘管密度仍然比空氣小得多，

its heat supports it,

但它的熱量支撐著它，

so it won't implode.

所以它不會內爆。

Our sphere now carries twice as much energy, 文法

我們的圓球現在攜帶著兩倍的能量，

as much as 25 kg of TNT,

相當於25公斤TNT炸藥的能量，

but this time as heat.

但這次是以熱量的形式。

For a dazzling instant,

在令人眼花撩亂的一瞬間，

this plasma would glow with a million times 文法

這個電漿體會以一百萬倍的亮度發光，

the brightness of the Sun seen from Earth,

亮度甚至超過在地球上看到的太陽，

instantly lighting fires throughout our lab. 文法

瞬間點燃整個實驗室。

But a few milliseconds later,

但幾毫秒之後，

those fires are all that's left. 文法

就只剩下那些火了。

The plasma has cooled to harmless gas,

電漿已經冷卻成無害的氣體，

floating up from the flaming ruins.

從燃燒的廢墟中飄浮起來。

What if we go deeper?

如果我們再往深處走呢？

Third sample, the radiative zone.

第三個樣本，輻射層。

Here, the plasma is about 2 million degrees Celsius

在這裡，電漿體的溫度約為200萬攝氏度，

and so dense and tightly packed

密度極高，排列緊密，

that it creates a sort of maze for itself. 慣用語

就像給自己造了個迷宮。

Energy in the form of photons tries to escape,

以光子形式存在的能量試圖逃逸，

but has to wander for hundreds of thousands of years,

但得遊蕩數十萬年，

bouncing endlessly from particle to particle,

在粒子與粒子之間無休止地反彈，

until it eventually finds an exit.

直到最終找到出口。

Bringing matter from here to our lab

把這裡的物質帶到實驗室，

is what experts call a very bad idea. 語氣意圖

也就是專家所說的「非常糟糕的主意」。

As soon as it arrives in our lab,

它一到達我們的實驗室，

the extreme pressure that holds the plasma tightly together is gone, 片語動詞

緊緊維繫電漿體的極端高壓就會消失，

and the material explodes

這種物質就會爆發，

with the power of a thermonuclear weapon.

威力堪比熱核武器。

Our lab, as well as the city around it, 文法

我們的實驗室連同周圍的城市，

will be destroyed in an instant.

會在一瞬間被摧毀。

On the bright side, 慣用語

往好處想，

there won't be any radioactive fallout.

這裡不會有任何放射性沉降物。

With our lab destroyed, 文法

隨著實驗室被毀，

we can abandon the illusion that we're trying to do any science today. 片語搭配

我們今天也別幻想能做什麼科學研究了。

What if we go much, much deeper?

如果我們走得更深、更深呢？

Last sample, the core.

最後一個樣本，核心。

Here, in the central 1% of the star,

在這裡，佔恆星中心1%的區域內，

we find a third of the Sun's mass.

包含了太陽三分之一的質量。

The matter here is compressed by the weight

這裡的物質被上方

of the entire star above it.

整顆恆星的重量壓縮著。

In the center of the core,

在核心的中心，

the temperature is 15 million degrees,

溫度高達1500萬度，

hot enough to make helium by smashing together hydrogen, 文法

熱到足以透過讓氫碰撞在一起來製造氦，

powering the Sun by nuclear fusion.

透過核融合為太陽提供能量。

In billions of years,

幾十億年後，

after the death of the Sun,

太陽死後，

this core will remain as a white dwarf.

這個核心將作為白矮星保留下來。

If we brought a sample of it to Earth,

如果我們把它的一塊樣本帶到地球上，

it would cause a lot of inconvenience. 語氣意圖

將會引起很多不便。

The biggest nuclear weapon ever detonated 文法

迄今引爆過的最大熱核武器

had an energy of 40 megatons of TNT,

具有4000萬噸TNT的能量，

or a cube the size of the Empire State Building.

或者相當於一個帝國大廈那麼大的立方體。

Our sample has the equivalent of 4,000 megatons.

我們的樣本相當於4000百萬噸。

This is 4 billion tons of TNT,

也就是40億噸TNT，

or a cube 1.3 km high.

也就是一個高達1.3公里的立方體。

To give you a sense of scale, 表達脈絡

為了讓你有個大小的概念，

this is the cube inside Manhattan.

這是放在曼哈頓裡面的立方體。

Once the sphere arrives on Earth,

一旦這個圓球到達地球，

this superdense matter expands instantly

這種超高密度的物質會瞬間膨脹，

and creates an explosion with the force of,

並產生爆炸，威力相當於

well, the Sun. 語氣意圖

嗯，太陽。

If we get the sample in Paris in the morning,

如果我們早上在巴黎獲取樣本，

the citizens of London would see

倫敦市民會看到

what looks like a second sunrise, 文法

像是第二次日出一樣的景象，

but one that gets brighter and brighter 文法

但這光芒會變得越來越亮、

and hotter and hotter until London burns to ashes. 片語搭配

越來越熱，直到倫敦燒成灰燼。

In a radius of about 300 km around the blast,

在爆炸周圍大約300公里的半徑內，

everything would be burnt.

一切都會被燒毀。

The shock wave would travel around the Earth multiple times.

衝擊波將繞地球多次。

Most buildings in Central Europe would be flattened,

歐洲中部的大多數建築都會被夷為平地，

eardrums would rupture,

耳膜會破裂，

and windows break across the continent.

整個歐洲大陸的窗戶都會破碎。

The explosion would be apocalyptic,

這場爆炸將是災難性的，

possibly human civilization ending. 文法

可能導致人類文明終結。

If humans did survive, 文法

如果人類真的倖存下來，

we could count on the dust blown into the atmosphere 片語動詞

我們可以指望被吹入大氣層的灰塵

to create a small ice age.

製造出一個小冰河期。

So, if there is one tiny bright side, 文法

所以，如果說有一點好消息的話，

it would be that the explosion might be an effective way

那就是這場爆炸可能是一種有效的方式，

to control human-caused climate change for a few decades.

能在幾十年內控制住人類造成的氣候變化。

While this is definitely a good thing,

儘管這絕對是一件好事，

all in all, we conclude that we should not try 表達脈絡

總而言之，我們的結論是：我們不應該試圖

to bring the Sun to Earth.

把太陽帶到地球。

Welcome to the Kurzgesagt lab.

歡迎來到Kurzgesagt實驗室。

Let's conduct a few stellar experiments.

讓我們進行一些恆星實驗。

We'll first add some more mass to this protostar.

首先，我們要給這顆原恆星增加一些質量。

More.

再加點。

A bit more.

再加一點點。

Wow, we've just created a blue giant, 文法

哇，我們剛剛創造了一顆藍巨星，

a star with 10 times the mass of our Sun.

一顆質量是我們太陽10倍的恆星。

Let's now add a couple of million years and see what happens.

現在，讓我們加上幾百萬年，看看會發生什麼。

A supernova.

超新星爆發。

Breathtaking.

驚心動魄。

And look, it leaves behind a black hole. 片語動詞

看，它留下了一個黑洞。

Fascinating stuff.

令人著迷。

Now, we record our findings. 片語搭配

現在，我們記錄下我們的發現。

Be careful to preserve the sparkle.

小心保存它的光彩。

It's now time for Duck's final inspection.

現在到了Duck（鴨子）進行最終檢查的時候了。

This one is always a nail-biter. 慣用語

這個環節總是讓人捏一把汗。

He has incredibly high standards. 片語搭配

牠的標準高得離譜。

Lucky for us, our work is scientifically accurate, 語氣意圖

幸運的是，我們的工作在科學上是準確的，

offers an overview of important astrophysical processes, 片語搭配

概述了重要的天文物理過程，

and is a real stunner. 用詞

而且非常驚艷。

Duck approves.

Duck批准了。

Looks like it's ready to be shared with the world

看來它已經準備好與世界分享了，

as a poster,

作為一張海報，

a very special piece of Kurzgesagt

一件非常特別的Kurzgesagt作品，

you can take home and touch.

你可以帶回家並親自觸摸。

You can get this very special poster

你可以買到這張非常特別的海報，

along with many other sciency and spacey things

以及許多其他充滿科學感和太空感的好物，

created with love and care from our shop.

這些都是我們在商店裡用心和愛創作的。

Every Kurzgesagt product you buy directly funds another moment

你購買的每一件Kurzgesagt產品都會直接資助我們

we get to spend working on our videos. 用詞

花在製作影片上的時間。

Thank you so much for being a part of our story

非常感謝你成為我們故事的一部分，

and for making this channel possible.

並讓這個頻道成為可能。