大腦騙局——你的大腦是如何運作的：英語精讀講義

You may not realize it, 表達脈絡

你可能沒有察覺，

but your brain actually processes information in two very distinct ways.

但其實你的大腦會用兩種截然不同的方式處理資訊。

Like when you look at this photo,

比如，當你看到這張照片時，

you instantly know she has blond hair,

你立刻就知道她有一頭金髮，

is visibly angry,

看起來非常生氣，

and likely has some choice words to yell. 慣用語

而且很可能正想大聲罵上幾句。

Without any effort, 片語搭配

完全不費力，

you experienced fast thinking.

你就體驗了快速思考。

But if you look at the following problem,

但如果你看接下來這道題目，

something different happens.

情況就不一樣了。

Sure, you immediately know it's a multiplication problem,

當然，你馬上就知道這是一道乘法題，

and you knew you could solve it if you had the energy,

也知道只要願意費點心力，自己就能算出來，

but didn't.

但你並沒有這麼做。

If you do try,

如果你真的試著計算，

your muscles will tense,

你的肌肉會繃緊，

your pupils will dilate,

瞳孔會放大，

and your heart rate will increase. 片語搭配

心跳也會加快。

Now, you've experienced slow thinking.

現在，你體驗了慢速思考。

These two systems of fast and slow thinking

快速思考和慢速思考這兩個系統

dictate much of our perception and reaction in life.

在很大程度上支配著我們對生活的感知與反應。

Take these lines, for example. 片語搭配

以這些線段為例。

It's clear that they're different lengths,

它們的長度顯然不同，

but if you measure them,

但如果你實際量一量，

they're actually the exact same length.

就會發現它們其實完全一樣長。

Even now that you know, 文法

即使你現在已經知道了，

system one or your fast thinking

系統一，也就是你的快速思考系統，

can't stop seeing the illusion because it acts automatically. 文法

仍會不由自主地看到這個錯覺，因為它會自動運作。

A similar effect is seen here.

這裡也能看到類似的效果。

Which figure is the largest?

哪個圖形最大？

Again, they're all the same size,

同樣地，它們其實都一樣大，

but the suggestion of perspective and depth

但透視感和深度的暗示

causes your system one to interpret the picture as three-dimensional, 講解

會讓你的系統一把畫面解讀成立體的，

even though it's on a flat two-dimensional surface. 文法

儘管它只呈現在平面的二維表面上。

It's making quick work of the available information, 慣用語

系統一會迅速處理現有資訊，

and so your conscious system two or slow thinking

因此，你有意識的系統二，也就是慢速思考系統，

must compensate after the fact 慣用語

必須在事後加以修正，

and choose not to believe your intuition or instinct.

並選擇不相信自己的直覺或本能。

Want to see your system two in action? 片語搭配

想看看你的系統二如何運作嗎？

I'll show you a string of four digits.

我會給你看一串四位數字。

You read them aloud,

先把它們大聲唸出來，

then add one to each of the original digits.

然後把原本的每個數字都加一。

If the card reads 3795,

如果卡片上寫著 3795，

the correct response would be 4806.

正確答案就是 4806。

We'll then go to the next card,

接著我們會換到下一張卡片，

and you'll do the same,

你要做同樣的事，

followed by the next card.

然後再看下一張。

Ready?

準備好了嗎？

Go.

開始。

Few people can cope with more than four digits, 講解

很少有人能應付超過四個數字，

but even harder is add three.

但更難的是把每個數字加三。

The interesting bit is that though your pupils would have dilated,

有趣的是，雖然你的瞳孔可能已經放大了，

you often become effectively blind 慣用語

你卻常常會變得幾乎什麼都看不見，

when you fully engage system two.

因為這時你正全神貫注地啟用系統二。

Did you notice the color of the text change?

你有注意到文字的顏色變了嗎？

Or how about the fact that the numbers completely changed 語氣意圖

又或者，你注意到數字其實完全變了嗎——

when I put them off to the side?

就在我把它們移到旁邊時？

Listen to the following puzzle.

聽聽接下來這道謎題。

A bat and a ball cost $1.10.

一支球棒和一顆球總共要 1.10 美元。

The bat costs $1 more than the ball.

球棒比球貴 1 美元。

How much does the ball cost?

那麼，球要多少錢？

Chances are, 片語搭配

很可能，

your system one intuition was yelling 10 cents. 慣用語

你的系統一直覺正大喊著：「10 美分！」

But this appealing system one answer,

但這個看似誘人的系統一答案，

we know, is wrong.

我們知道，其實是錯的。

In fact,

事實上，

the correct answer is 5 cents.

正確答案是 5 美分。

Even if you worked out the correct answer, 片語動詞

即使你算出了正確答案，

you likely thought of 10 cents along the way. 慣用語

過程中你很可能還是想到過 10 美分。

System one is trying to work out an answer as quickly and seamlessly as possible, 文法

系統一總想盡可能快速、順暢地得出答案，

which is extremely beneficial in everyday life.

這在日常生活中非常有幫助。

If every activity required full mental effort, 文法

如果每件事都需要全力動腦，

it would be exhausting.

那會讓人筋疲力盡。

But knowing this allows us to understand

但了解這一點，也讓我們明白，

that not all of our first impressions are correct. 片語搭配

並非所有第一印象都是正確的。

How many animals of each kind did Moses take into the ark?

摩西把每種動物各帶了幾隻上方舟？

So few people detect what is wrong with this question

很少有人能發現這個問題錯在哪裡，

that it's been dubbed the Moses illusion. 講解

因此它被稱為「摩西錯覺」。

In fact,

事實上，

Moses took no animals.

摩西一隻動物也沒帶。

Noah did. 文法

帶動物的是挪亞。

Again,

再一次，

our brain invests as little resources as necessary

我們的大腦只會投入最低限度的必要資源，

so that things run quickly and smoothly. 文法

好讓一切快速、順暢地運作。

Because Moses is not abnormal in the biblical context,

因為在《聖經》的脈絡中，摩西這個名字並不突兀，

system one unconsciously detects an association between Moses and ark 片語搭配

系統一會在無意識中察覺摩西和方舟之間的關聯，

and quickly accepts the question.

接著迅速接受這個問題。

In a similar way,

同樣地，

system one generates context without you knowing. 文法

系統一會在你毫不知情的情況下建立脈絡。

Reading each of the following may seem fairly simple:

讀下面每一項時，似乎都很簡單：

A, B, C,

A、B、C，

Ann approached the bank,

Ann 走近銀行，

and 12, 13, 14.

以及 12、13、14。

But your brain actually interpreted these ambiguous statements

但你的大腦其實已經解讀了這些有歧義的內容，

without you ever knowing.

而你自己完全沒有察覺。

You could have read it as 文法

你原本也可以把它讀成

A, 13, C or 12, B, 14,

A、13、C，或 12、B、14，

but your brain created the context unconsciously.

但你的大腦在無意識中建立了脈絡。

Also, you likely imagine the woman with money on her mind 慣用語

此外，你很可能會想像那個滿腦子都是錢的女人

walking towards a building with tellers.

正走向一棟有銀行櫃員的建築物。

But if the sentence before this was,

但如果前一句是：

they were floating gently down the river,

「他們正順著河流緩緩漂下去。」

the entire scene would have changed

那麼整個場景都會改變，

because bank is no longer associated with money. 用詞

因為這時 bank 就不再指銀行，也與金錢無關。

Without an explicit context,

在沒有明確脈絡時，

system one quickly generates one based on previous experience. 片語搭配

系統一會根據過去的經驗迅速建立一個。

In this case,

在這個例子中，

you've likely visited more banks than rivers,

你去過銀行的次數很可能比去河邊更多，

and so the context is resolved accordingly.

所以大腦會據此判定脈絡。

This ties into a concept called priming. 片語動詞

這就牽涉到一個叫作「促發效應」的概念。

For example,

例如，

if I said wash,

如果我說 wash（洗），

how would you complete this word fragment?

你會怎麼補全這個殘缺的單字？

Most would see soap,

大多數人會看到 soap（肥皂），

but had I just shown you the word eat, 文法

但如果我剛才給你看的是 eat（吃），

you'd be more likely to see soup.

你就更可能看到 soup（湯）。

In this way, 表達脈絡

就是這樣，

both eat and wash prime your thoughts. 用詞

eat 和 wash 都會促發你的思考。

Though system two likes to think that it's in charge and knows what's going on, 講解

雖然系統二總認為自己掌控一切，也清楚正在發生什麼，

the truth is that priming effects

但事實是，促發效應

have even been shown to affect and modify behavior. 文法

甚至已被證實能影響並改變行為。

These arise in system one,

這些效應源自系統一，

and you have no conscious access to them. 片語搭配

而你無法有意識地察覺它們。

If you'd like to learn more about the thinking systems in your brain,

如果你想進一步了解大腦中的這些思考系統，

check out the book Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman, 片語動詞

可以看看丹尼爾・康納曼的《快思慢想》，

which covers it in great detail. 片語搭配

書中對此有非常詳盡的介紹。

I'll put a link in the description

我會在影片說明欄放上連結，

which you can check out.

你可以去看看。

Got a burning question you want answered? 慣用語

有什麼非常想知道答案的問題嗎？

Ask it in the comments

歡迎在留言區提問，

or on Facebook and Twitter.

或是到 Facebook 和 Twitter 上提問。

And subscribe for more weekly science videos.

記得訂閱頻道，每週收看更多科學影片。