原子彈 vs 氫彈 —— 兩者有何不同？：英語精讀講義

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這集影片由 Skillshare 贊助播出。

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免費取得2個月的 Skillshare 會員

and learn new skills by using the link in the description.

點擊說明欄中的連結，學習新技能。

The word bomb comes from the Latin word bombus,

「炸彈」(bomb)一詞來自拉丁語 bombus，

meaning something that booms.

意思是發出轟隆聲的東西。

It's thought it was the Chinese that created the first ever bombs 文法

人們認為，早在13世紀，

with explosives inside a harder metal shell way back in the 13th century.

就是中國人發明了人類歷史上第一批將炸藥裝在堅硬金屬殼內的炸彈。

But these powerful explosives will be remembered mostly for causing havoc during the Second World War, 片語搭配

但這些威力巨大的爆炸物被人銘記，主要還是因為它們在二戰期間造成的浩劫，

when Germany and Britain were butting heads in their respective aerial bombing campaigns. 慣用語

當時德國和英國在各自的空襲轟炸中針鋒相對。

The Unabomber made small explosives that would explode upon opening a package, 文法

大學航空炸彈客（Unabomber）製造了在打開包裹時會爆炸的小型爆炸物，

and terrorists leave them at the side of roads.

恐怖分子則把它們放在路邊。

But there are bombs so powerful that we don't even want to use them, 文法

但有些炸彈威力太大，甚至連我們自己都不想使用，

and that's what we'll explore today.

而這正是我們今天要探討的話題。

In this episode of The Infographics Show,

在《The Infographics Show》的本集影片中，

Atomic Bomb versus Hydrogen Bomb,

原子彈與氫彈，

how do they compare?

它們之間有何比較？

We'll start with the atomic bomb.

我們先從原子彈說起。

You might have heard of this kind of bomb

你可能聽說過這種炸彈，

and have probably seen pictures of the devastation it can cause.

也很可能見過它所能造成的毀滅性景象的照片。

This is the type of bomb that was dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

這就是美國人於1945年，

in 1945 by the Americans.

投在廣島和長崎這兩個日本城市的炸彈類型。

Make no mistake, 語氣意圖

別搞錯了，

the British were behind this plan and also very much involved in the process. 慣用語

英國人是這個計畫的幕後推手，且非常深入地參與了這一過程。

It's said around 80,000 people died instantly in Hiroshima

據說，在名為「小男孩」的炸彈被投下後，

after the bomb, known as Little Boy,

廣島大約有8萬人瞬間喪生，

was dropped and more than double that died in total, 文法

而總死亡人數是這個數字的兩倍多，

mostly due to radiation.

主要是因為輻射。

In Nagasaki,

在長崎，

the bomb, nicknamed Fat Man,

代號為「胖子」的炸彈，

instantly killed around 70,000 people.

瞬間奪去了大約7萬人的生命。

So,

那麼，

how did scientists create something so deadly?

科學家們是如何創造出如此致命的武器的呢？

Well, you see,

嗯，你要知道，

scientists for a while had known that you could potentially create

一段時間以來，科學家們已經了解到，

a huge amount of energy from little matter.

你有可能從極少的物質中創造出巨大的能量。

Albert Einstein knew that,

阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦知道這一點，

but it wasn't he that created the atomic bomb. 文法

但原子彈並不是他發明的。

Apparently, the Germans thought this was possible,

顯然，德國人認為這是可能的，

but the British had already formed a committee

但英國人已經成立了一個委員會，

and published something called the British Maud Report,

並發表了一份名為英國《莫德報告》的文件，

which detailed the feasibility of creating an atomic bomb.

其中詳細說明了製造原子彈的可行性。

The scientists wrote that it was possible to create massive amounts of TNT

科學家們寫道，可以產生相當於大量TNT當量的能量，

from a small ball of uranium 235.

而這些能量僅來自一小球鈾-235。

A report called Use of Uranium for a Bomb was written,

隨後編寫了一份名為《鈾在炸彈中的使用》的報告，

which was given by the British to the USA.

英國人將其交給了美國。

Soviet spies also got their hands on the report. 慣用語

蘇聯間諜也弄到了這份報告。

This is how it all began.

這一切就是這樣開始的。

The Americans invested lots of money in actually creating this bomb,

美國人投入了大量資金去實際製造這種炸彈，

and that was under the aegis of the government's Manhattan Project. 用詞

那就是在政府的「曼哈頓計畫」的庇護下進行的。

Many people took part in this,

許多人參與了這項工作，

including military engineers,

包括軍事工程師、

MIT scientists,

麻省理工學院的科學家、

the company DuPont,

杜邦公司，

and a couple of ace physicists called J. Robert Oppenheimer

以及像 J·羅伯特·奧本海默

and Enrico Fermi.

和恩里科·費米這樣的幾位頂尖物理學家。

So, what did they discover over at the Manhattan Project?

那麼，他們在曼哈頓計畫中發現了什麼？

They found that they could create a massive explosion

他們發現，可以透過用通俗的話來說被稱為「分裂原子」的方法，

by what in layman's terms became known as splitting the atom. 片語搭配

製造出巨大的爆炸。

This is known as nuclear fission.

這就是所謂的核分裂。

Today, you should remember two words:

今天，你應該記住兩個詞：

fission, splitting something, 用詞

分裂（fission），分裂某個東西；

and fusion, joining something.

融合（fusion），結合某個東西。

As for nuclear fission,

至於核分裂，

one anti-nuclear website describes it like this:

一個反核網站在是這樣描述的：

"The nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller fragments by a neutron.

「原子的原子核被中子分裂成兩個較小的碎片。

This method usually involves isotopes of uranium or plutonium.

這種方法通常涉及鈾或鈽的同位素。

Neutrons split from the nucleus,

中子從原子核中分裂出來，

and energy is released,

並釋放出能量，

and then these neutrons hit other uranium or plutonium nuclei,

然後這些中子撞擊其他鈾或鈽原子核，

and they also split,

它們也隨之分裂，

further yielding more energy and more and more neutrons."

進一步產生更多的能量和越來越多的中子。」

This produces a powerful and instantaneous chain reaction 用詞

這會產生一種強大而瞬間的連鎖反應，

that can produce something like 15 kilotons and 20 kilotons of TNT.

能夠產生大約1.5萬噸到2萬噸TNT的威力。

It sounds simple, eh? 語氣意圖

聽起來很簡單，對吧？

But as you know,

但如你所知，

few countries are capable of doing it.

很少有國家有能力做到這一點。

Those include the United States,

其中包括美國、

Russia, the United Kingdom,

俄羅斯、英國、

China, France, India,

中國、法國、印度、

Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea.

巴基斯坦、以色列和北韓。

It's hard because first you need your material,

這很難，因為首先你需要材料，

which includes weapons-grade uranium.

其中包括武器級鈾。

As you've seen in the movies,

就像你在電影裡看到的那樣，

getting your hands on this stuff is not easy.

弄到這種東西並不容易。

Besides that, you then need scientists clever enough to understand the process of making a bomb, 文法

除此之外，你還需要足夠聰明的科學家來理解製造炸彈的過程，

and you also need to spend tons of money on missiles that can carry the thing.

你還需要花大筆資金在能攜帶這個東西的飛彈上。

So, let's say someone has gotten hold of this weapons-grade uranium. 表達脈絡

那麼，假設有人搞到了這些武器級鈾。

Can they make a bomb?

他們能製造出炸彈嗎？

Live Science tells us that to create this chain reaction we just talked about,

《Live Science》告訴我們，為了創造我們剛才談到的那種連鎖反應，

scientists have to create something called a supercritical mass to hold the atoms.

科學家必須創造出一種叫做超臨界質量的東西來容納原子。

It's this state that allows the chain reaction to happen.

正是這種狀態使得連鎖反應得以發生。

A supercritical mass is formed in a uranium bomb

在鈾彈中形成超臨界質量的方法是，

by initially storing the fuel as separate subcritical masses 文法

最初將燃料作為單獨的次臨界質量儲存，

to prevent the bomb from detonating too early, 文法

以防止炸彈過早起爆，

and then joining the two masses together,

然後再將這兩個質量塊結合在一起，

said Live Science.

《Live Science》指出。

It's also difficult to make the bomb

要想以一種能讓連鎖反應發生的方式製造炸彈，

in a way that will allow this chain reaction to take place

並在能量導致其失效之前完成，

before the energy causes it to fail.

這同樣也是很困難的。

This tricky process and the fact that getting the raw materials is so hard

這種棘手的過程，再加上獲取原物料的困難程度，

is the reason so few countries have these things.

就是為什麼很少有國家擁有這些武器的原因。

Now, you're thinking,

現在，你可能在想，

"They haven't even answered the question yet."

「他們甚至還沒回答這個問題呢。」

Well, we kind of did before 語氣意圖

剛才我們其實已經回答了一半，

when we told you the definition of the word fusion.

就是在我們告訴你「融合」這個詞的定義時。

A hydrogen bomb is not a fission bomb, 文法

氫彈不是核分裂彈，

but a fusion bomb.

而是核融合彈。

And besides the difference in how the H-bomb is made,

除了氫彈的製造方式不同之外，

another difference is that it is much more powerful. 表達脈絡

另一個區別是它的威力要大得多。

Time Magazine tells us the H-bomb

《時代雜誌》告訴我們，氫彈

could potentially be a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb. 文法

的威力可能比原子彈大一千倍。

A scientist told Time Magazine that to make one of these,

一位科學家告訴《時代雜誌》，要製造這種炸彈，

you need to first master the atomic bomb.

你必須首先掌握原子彈的製造。

To make it, using a simple recipe formula,

為了製造它，用一個簡單的配方公式來說，

you still need that uranium or some plutonium.

你仍然需要鈾或一些鈽。

You then throw in some deuterium and tritium, 片語動詞

然後你再加入一些氘和氚，

which are isotopes of hydrogen,

它們是氫的同位素，

and the magic happens when you fuse atoms together 慣用語

當你把原子融合在一起，

rather than split them. 文法

而不是將它們分裂時，奇蹟就發生了。

You need really high temperatures to cause this fusion,

你需要非常高的溫度來引發這種融合，

and that's where you get the name thermonuclear bomb.

這也就是它被稱為熱核炸彈的原因。

Voila,

瞧，

mankind's pièce de résistance in the age of possible annihilation. 慣用語

這就是人類在可能面臨毀滅的時代中的「傑作」。

It's said they are even harder to make,

據說它們更難製造，

but lighter, so they can travel more easily on the back of a missile.

但重量更輕，因此可以更容易地裝在飛彈上飛行。

Thankfully, no one has dropped one of these on people,

謝天謝地，從來沒有人把這種炸彈投在人類身上過，

but the USA and Russia both tested these mega bombs in the 1950s.

但美國和俄羅斯在20世紀50年代都測試過這些巨型炸彈。

This was shortly after two scientists in the US,

就在這不久之前，美國的兩名科學家，

Edward Teller and Stanislav Ulam, created it.

愛德華·泰勒和斯坦尼斯拉夫·烏拉姆創造了它。

It's also believed that Britain, Russia, China, and France have conducted hydrogen bomb tests,

人們還認為，英國、俄羅斯、中國和法國都進行過氫彈測試，

and the jury is still out on North Korea. 慣用語

而關於北韓是否進行過測試目前尚無定論。

If you want to know what happened immediately after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima,

如果你想知道原子彈被投在廣島後立即發生了什麼，

Life Magazine reported it in 1945 like this:

《生活》雜誌在1945年是這樣報導的：

"In the following waves,

「在隨後的衝擊波中，

people's bodies were terribly squeezed,

人們的身體被極度擠壓，

then their internal organs ruptured,

然後他們的內臟破裂，

then the blast blew the broken bodies at 500 to 1,000 mph

接著爆炸以每小時500到1000英里的速度，

through the flaming rubble-filled air.

將殘缺不全的身體吹入充滿燃燒瓦礫的空中。

Practically everyone within a radius of 6,500 ft was killed." 片語搭配

方圓6500英尺內的所有人幾乎都喪生了。」

After hearing that,

聽到這些之後，

imagine what an H-bomb could do 文法

想像一下，如果氫彈的威力是一千倍，

if it's a thousand times more powerful.

它能造成怎樣的後果。

The website NUKEMAP believes that if such a bomb was dropped on New York,

網站 NUKEMAP 認為，如果這樣一枚炸彈被投在紐約，

right on top of New York City Hall,

正好落在紐約市政廳的正上方，

it would result in 385,660 deaths 片語搭配

僅爆炸本身就會造成385,660人死亡，

and 632,540 injuries from the blast alone.

以及632,540人受傷。

Fires would burn,

大火將燃燒，

everything would be destroyed around the blast site

爆炸地點周圍的一切都將被摧毀，

with destruction reaching as far as New Jersey. 片語搭配

破壞範圍遠至紐澤西州。

Radiation would then get to work, 慣用語

然後輻射會開始起作用，

and NUKEMAP believes the death toll would be about 792,630. 用詞

NUKEMAP 認為死亡人數將達到約 792,630 人。

Imagine bombs were dropped on lots of American cities 表達脈絡

想像一下，如果炸彈被投在美國的許多城市，

and you have a fallout that would affect much of the country.

隨之而來的核落塵將影響整個國家的大部分地區。

Well, we'll leave you with that sobering thought. 表達脈絡

好了，我們將讓你留著這個發人深省的念頭。

Do you know what to do in the case of a massive emergency? 片語搭配

你知道在發生大規模緊急情況時該怎麼辦嗎？

Maybe in the event of something more realistic than a nuclear fallout,

也許在發生比核落塵更現實的情況時，

like an earthquake or a flood.

比如地震或洪水。

If not,

如果不知道，

you should consider taking a class with a retired US Navy military police officer 文法

你應該考慮參加一門由美國海軍退役憲兵教授的課程，

called Basic Disaster Prep: Developing a Home Preparedness Plan.

名為《基礎災難準備：制定家庭防備計畫》。

You can learn this and many more things by joining Skillshare.

加入 Skillshare，你可以學到這些以及更多東西。

Study things that will help you out with your day-to-day life 片語動詞

學習對你日常生活有幫助的知識，

or maybe improve skills that will get you better job opportunities.

或者提升技能，從而為你獲得更好的工作機會。

Skillshare is an online learning community with over 20,000 classes

Skillshare 是一個線上學習社群，擁有超過兩萬門課程，

in leadership, photography, productivity, and more.

涵蓋領導力、攝影、生產力等領域。

Premium membership will give you unlimited access to topics 片語搭配

高級會員將為你提供無限制地存取，

that will improve your skills and your life.

那些能夠提升你的技能並改善生活的課程主題。

Join the millions of other people who are using Skillshare

加入數百萬使用 Skillshare 的人的行列，

and get 2 months for free.

免費獲得兩個月的會員。

To sign up and support the Infographics Show at the same time,

要在註冊的同時支持 The Infographics Show，

go to skillshare.com/infographics4 or click the link in the description

請造訪 skillshare.com/infographics4 或點擊說明欄中的連結，

and start learning today.

今天就開始學習吧。

Do you think the US should work harder at stopping the proliferation of nuclear weapons? 用詞

你認為美國應該更加努力地阻止核武擴散嗎？

Was it a mistake to tear up the Iran nuclear accord? 片語動詞

撕毀伊朗核協議是一個錯誤嗎？

Let us know your thoughts in the comments.

在留言區告訴我們你的想法。

Also, be sure to check out our other video called

此外，一定也要看看我們的另一部影片，名為

What is the deadliest substance on Earth?

《地球上最致命的物質是什麼？》

Thanks for watching,

感謝觀看，

and as always,

像往常一樣，

don't forget to like, share, and subscribe.

別忘了按讚、分享和訂閱。

See you next time.

下次再見。