農神五號的方向問題：英語精讀講義

This is the Saturn V rocket moments away from lifting off and taking the Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon. 片語搭配

這是土星5號火箭即將升空，將阿波羅11號太空人送往月球的幾秒鐘前。

With 15 seconds to go,

距離發射還有15秒，

NASA commentator Jack King says this.

NASA評論員Jack King這樣說道。

T minus 15 seconds, 文化背景

T減15秒，

guidance is internal. 用詞

導引轉為內部控制。

It may not seem very significant,

這聽起來似乎不怎麼起眼，

but it meant that the Saturn V

但這意味著土星5號

was now relying on its own guidance system,

現在要完全依賴自身的導引系統，

the one that would steer it towards the moon.

也就是那個將引導它飛向月球的系統。

This incredible system

這個不可思議的系統

was completely independent from the outside world

與外界完全獨立，

and worked by measuring how the rocket's velocity and orientation

其運作原理是測量火箭的速度和姿態

had changed relative to its starting position. 片語搭配

相對於初始位置發生了多少改變。

Because of this,

正因如此，

the rocket needed to be absolutely sure of its starting position

火箭需要極其精確地確認其初始位置，

or else it would end up on a completely different trajectory. 講解

否則它最終會進入一條完全不同的軌道。

In this video,

在本期影片中，

we're going to look at the Saturn V's incredible guidance system

我們將探究土星5號令人驚嘆的導引系統，

and how a hidden bunker below the launch pad

以及發射台下方的一個隱藏地堡

helped to keep it pointing in the right direction.

是如何幫助它保持正確指向的。

We'll also be giving away this awesome Falcon 9 framed print.

我們還將送出這幅超酷的獵鷹9號裝裱畫。

So stick around to the end of the video 片語動詞

所以請一直看到影片最後，

to see how you could win.

看看你如何才能贏取。

The Saturn V had a predetermined starting position

土星5號有一個預設的初始位置，

with its Y-axis facing north and south,

它的Y軸朝向南北，

the Z-axis facing east and west,

Z軸朝向東西，

and its X-axis pointing directly up.

而X軸則徑直朝上。

But as the Earth rotated,

但是隨著地球的自轉，

these axes would no longer reflect the rocket's true orientation.

這些座標軸將不再反映火箭的真實姿態。

So how did NASA correct this in time for launch?

那麼NASA是如何在發射前及時糾正這一點的呢？

The entire Saturn V rocket was controlled by the instrument unit 文化背景

整枚土星5號火箭都由儀器單元控制，

located at the top of the third stage.

該單元位於第三節火箭的頂部。

It contained the inertial guidance platform, 文化背景

它內部包含慣性導引平台，

an advanced mechanical gyroscope

這是一個先進的機械陀螺儀，

that could measure the rocket's orientation with incredible accuracy.

能夠以驚人的精確度測量火箭的姿態。

The basic principles of a gyroscope involves

陀螺儀的基本原理涉及

a disc mounted on a three-axis gimbal.

一個安裝在三軸萬向節上的圓盤。

The disc is free to rotate in every direction,

這個圓盤可以自由地向各個方向旋轉，

but once the disc starts to spin,

但一旦圓盤開始轉動，

its angular momentum keeps it perfectly stable 文化背景

它的角動量就能讓它保持絕對穩定，

even if the gimbals are rotated.

即使萬向節發生旋轉也是如此。

The Saturn V's gyroscope worked on the same principle 片語搭配

土星5號的陀螺儀運作原理與此相同，

but was much more advanced.

但要先進得多。

Instead of a single spinning disc,

它的導引單元並沒有使用單個旋轉圓盤，

the guidance unit had a central platform

而是有一個中央平台，

containing three spinning gyros

其中包含三個旋轉的陀螺儀，

placed 90 degrees apart from each other.

它們彼此之間呈90度角放置。

If the rocket's orientation changed,

如果火箭的姿態發生改變，

these gyros would sense a slight change in torque, 用詞

這些陀螺儀就能感應到扭矩的微小變化，

which was turned into an electrical signal.

並將其轉化為電信號。

That signal was then sent to motors on each gimbal,

隨後這個信號被發送到每個萬向節上的馬達，

which would reproduce the change in torque

馬達會重現這一扭矩變化，

but in the opposite direction,

但方向相反，

canceling out the rotation 片語動詞

從而抵消了旋轉，

and keeping the platform completely stable.

讓平台保持完全穩定。

On the opposite side of the gimbal,

在萬向節的另一側，

a device would measure how much the gimbals had rotated

有一個設備會測量萬向節相對於平台的

relative to the platform,

旋轉幅度，

telling the rocket exactly what direction it was pointing in.

從而確切地告訴火箭它所指向的方向。

This, along with the acceleration data,

這一點，再加上加速度數據，

would allow the flight computers to plot the rocket's trajectory. 片語搭配

就能讓飛行電腦繪製出火箭的軌跡。

But if the gyroscope wasn't perfectly aligned to the rocket's axes,

但如果陀螺儀沒有與火箭的座標軸完美對齊，

during launch,

在發射過程中，

it would completely throw off the rocket's trajectory. 片語動詞

火箭的軌跡就會完全偏離。

Say you have a car that's programmed to follow this trajectory 表達脈絡

假設你有一輛車，程式設定它要按照這條軌跡

through a crossroads.

穿過一個十字路口。

Its guidance system only knows that it accelerated

它的導航系統只知道它加速了，

and took a right turn.

並右轉了。

If we change the starting position of the car,

如果我們改變這輛車的起始位置，

the guidance system will see the exact same thing,

導航系統所看到的將完全一樣，

but the car will end up in the wrong place.

但車最終卻會到達錯誤的地方。

In the 5 hours leading up to the launch, 片語搭配

在發射前的5個小時裡，

the Saturn V's gyroscope would be powered on

土星5號的陀螺儀會通電啟動，

and trying to keep itself stable.

並試圖保持自身的穩定。

However, the Earth was constantly rotating,

然而，地球一直在不斷自轉，

which meant the rocket's orientation was also slowly changing.

這意味著火箭的姿態也在緩慢發生改變。

Without any external input,

如果沒有任何外部輸入，

the gyroscope would become so misaligned

陀螺儀的偏差會變得非常大，

that the rocket would think it was pointing sideways.

以至於火箭會認為它是橫向指著的。

And so in order to fix this,

因此，為了解決這個問題，

the gyroscope had to be constantly reset

陀螺儀必須不斷地被重置，

by a special piece of machinery on the ground.

而這是由地面上的一台特殊設備完成的。

That's where this tank came in. 表達脈絡

這就是這輛戰車出場的時候了。

Just kidding, this has nothing to do with the Saturn V, 文法

開個玩笑，這和土星5號毫無關係，

but it does have something to do with the sponsor of this video.

但它確實與本期影片的贊助商有關。

World of Tanks is a fun free-to-play PC game

World of Tanks 是一款好玩的免費PC遊戲，

which allows users to compete

它讓玩家可以與

against more than 100 million players worldwide.

全球超過1億名玩家同場競技。

With more than 600 tanks in their collection,

他們收集了超過600輛戰車，

there are always new ways to play.

讓你總能找到新的玩法。

You can drive your tanks across open fields, deserts,

你可以駕駛你的戰車穿越開闊的原野、沙漠，

climb steep hills, and sneak through forests.

攀爬陡峭的山丘，或是潛行於森林之中。

Choose from destroyers, artillery vehicles,

在驅逐戰車、自走砲、

light, medium, and heavy tanks,

輕型、中型和重型戰車中做出選擇，

and play matches in more than 40 arenas.

在40多個競技場中進行對決。

All of the tanks are historically accurate

所有的戰車在歷史上都是真實準確的，

and each model has a huge amount of attention to detail. 片語搭配

每一個模型都擁有對細節的極大關注。

With World of Tanks, you can earn experience,

在 World of Tanks 中，你可以賺取經驗，

modify, and upgrade your tank,

改裝並升級你的戰車，

creating a steel beast ready for any challenge.

打造一台準備好迎接任何挑戰的鋼鐵巨獸。

Download World of Tanks today using the link in the description

立即使用簡介中的連結下載 World of Tanks，

and use code Tankmania when you sign up

並在註冊時使用代碼 Tankmania，

to get a free 7-day premium account

即可獲得免費的7天高級帳號，

along with 250,000 credits,

以及250,000銀幣、

the premium tank Excelsior,

高級戰車 Excelsior，

and three rental tanks for 10 battles each.

以及3輛各可租用10場戰鬥的租賃戰車。

In order to reset the Saturn V's gyroscopes to the desired axes,

為了將土星5號的陀螺儀重置到預期的座標軸，

it used highly accurate reference points.

它使用了極其精確的參考點。

The Y and Z axes were reset by two pendulums

Y軸和Z軸透過兩個鐘擺來重置，

located inside the guidance unit.

它們位於導引單元內部。

These were weighted iron rods that floated on a pocket of air.

這些是漂浮在氣囊上的配重鐵桿。

As the Earth rotated,

隨著地球自轉，

gravity would pull the mass downwards,

重力會將質量向下拉，

keeping the rod perfectly level.

讓鐵桿保持完美的水平。

The gimbals would then rotate the stable platform to match this.

隨後萬向節會旋轉穩定平台以匹配這個水平面。

But in order to reset the X-axis,

但是為了重置X軸，

NASA came up with a much more impressive solution. 片語動詞

NASA想出了一個令人驚嘆得多的解決方案。

200 m away from the base of the Saturn V was a bunker

在距離土星5號底部200公尺遠的地方有一個地堡，

built into the ramp of the launch pad. 片語搭配

它是建在發射台斜坡內的。

Inside, there was a device called a Theodolite, 文化背景

在裡面，有一台名為經緯儀的設備，

which would emit a beam of light

它可以發射出一束光，

and control its direction with incredible accuracy.

並以極高的精確度控制光束的方向。

During the launch countdown,

在發射倒數計時期間，

infrared light was emitted from the Theodolite

經緯儀會發出紅外線，

and up to the rocket at precisely 25 degrees,

並精確地以25度角向上射向火箭，

where it would enter via a small window

光束會透過一個小窗口

on the Saturn V's instrument unit.

進入土星5號的儀器單元。

From there,

從那裡，

the light would reach one of two porro prisms. 文化背景

光線會照射到兩個普羅稜鏡中的一個。

When light enters a porro prism,

當光線進入普羅稜鏡時，

it's reflected twice,

它會被反射兩次，

causing it to leave the prism at the same angle it entered. 文法

導致它離開稜鏡的角度與進入時的角度相同。

One prism was fixed to the stable platform

一個稜鏡固定在穩定平台上，

and the other was motorized.

另一個則裝有馬達。

The Theodolite in the bunker would communicate with the rocket

地堡中的經緯儀會與火箭通訊，

and slowly rotate the motorized prism.

並緩慢旋轉那個電動稜鏡。

Once the prism was in the correct orientation,

一旦稜鏡處於正確的方向，

it would reflect the beam of light back to the Theodolite,

它就會把光束反射回經緯儀，

where a set of mirrors would direct it onto a detector.

那裡有一組鏡子會將其引導到探測器上。

Each prism was coated with a special material

每個稜鏡都塗有一種特殊材料，

that would only reflect a specific wavelength of infrared light.

這種材料只會反射特定波長的紅外線。

This allowed the detector to plot exactly where each prism was

這使得探測器能夠精確描繪出每個稜鏡的實際位置

relative to where it should be.

與其應有位置的相對關係。

Since the light left the prism at the same angle it entered,

由於光線離開稜鏡的角度與其進入的角度相同，

the orientation could be determined by how offset

所以可以透過探測器上發出的光束和返回的光束之間的偏移量

the outgoing and returning beams were on the detector.

來確定方向。

The Theodolite system was so accurate 文法

這個經緯儀系統非常精確，

that it could align the gimbal to within 1/1000 of a degree. 片語搭配

它可以將萬向節對準到1/1000度以內。

Once the motorized prism was correctly positioned,

一旦電動稜鏡定位正確，

a device would measure how much it had rotated

就會有一個設備測量出它相對於穩定平台

relative to the stable platform.

旋轉了多少度。

The motor on the inner gimbal

內部萬向節上的馬達

would then rotate the stable platform by this exact amount.

然後會將穩定平台旋轉完全相同的幅度。

If everything was correct,

如果一切無誤，

the second prism would then line up perfectly 片語動詞

第二個稜鏡就會完美對齊，

and reflect the light back to the Theodolite.

並將光線反射回經緯儀。

This system worked perfectly,

這個系統運作得十分完美，

but it relied on the Saturn V being completely still. 文法

但它依賴於土星5號必須完全靜止。

That wasn't always the case. 表達脈絡

但情況並非總是如此。

When a rocket sits on the launch pad,

當火箭停在發射台上時，

strong winds can cause it to sway back and forth. 片語搭配

強風會導致它來回搖晃。

This kind of movement would completely throw off

這種運動會完全破壞

the accuracy of the Theodolite.

經緯儀的精準度。

And so in order to get a reference

因此，為了獲得一個

for how much the rocket was swaying,

關於火箭搖晃幅度的參考，

the Theodolite would focus on a third prism

經緯儀會聚焦在第三個稜鏡上，

mounted to the outside of the rocket.

該稜鏡安裝在火箭的外部。

This would shine the light back to the Theodolite's detector,

這會將光線反射回經緯儀的探測器上，

which would see it moving back and forth as the rocket swayed.

探測器就能看到它隨著火箭的搖晃而來回移動。

The target points for the other two prisms

另外兩個稜鏡的目標點

could use this as a reference point.

就可以將其用作參考點。

This system could account for the top of the rocket 片語動詞

這套系統可以處理火箭頂部

swaying more than 30 cm in either direction.

在任何方向上超過30公分的搖擺。

All of these ingenious systems worked autonomously

所有這些巧妙的系統都在自主運作，

to reset the gyroscope until 15 seconds before launch.

直到發射前15秒，都在不斷重置陀螺儀。

From there,

從那一刻起，

the rocket was on its own 慣用語

火箭只能依靠自己，

with the task of guiding it and three astronauts

肩負起引導它自己以及三名太空人

all the way from the launch pad 片語搭配

一路從發射台

to the translunar trajectory.

飛向地月轉移軌道的重任。

And now it's time for something really special.

現在，是非常激動人心的時刻了。

The winner of this awesome space shuttle canvas

這幅超酷太空梭帆布畫的獲獎者

is Evan Larson.

是Evan Larson。

Sorry if you didn't win this time,

如果你這次沒中獎很遺憾，

but don't worry.

但別擔心。

We give away an awesome space prize in every video.

我們在每一期影片裡都會送出一份超棒的太空獎品。

Next time,

下次，

we'll be giving away this Falcon 9 framed print.

我們將送出這幅獵鷹9號裝裱畫。

All you have to do is sign up at the link below 文法

你所要做的就是透過下方連結註冊，

and leave a comment about your most controversial space opinion.

並留言說說你最受爭議的太空觀點。

Thank you very much for watching

非常感謝您的觀看，

and I'll see you in the next video.

我們下期影片再見。